New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 333 
with water seems to have had but little effect upon the pro- 
duction of larve or otherwise upon more mature forms or upon 
the larve themselves. Apples Nos. 4, 5 and 6 present an inter- 
esting record of the daily production of young, of the per- 
centages of living and dead immature scales, and of extreme 
variation in the ratios of living and dead adult females, all of 
which affords an excellent basis for the interpretation of the’ 
results obtained in Experiments I to VI. 
GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS, EXPERIMENTS I TO VI. 
In these experiments 50 apples were used. The number of 
scales upon each apple varied from 1 adult and 11 young to 638 
adults and 1,250 young, an average number sufficient to give 
reliable results. In most of the experiments three or four in- 
fested apples were used. 
The infested apples selected were perfectly sound and showed 
considerable larval activity. The fact also that larve were 
being produced on the fruit at the time of the experiments was 
good evidence of the age and condition of the mother scales. 
The fair presumption is that most of them were alive, but it was 
: : : / : 
impossible to determine the percentage. To have determined 
this would have necessitated the injury or destruction of most of 
the scales. Hence, in the interpretation of the results, allowance 
must be made for probable injury to the insects in the handling 
of the fruit, although it was handled with great care, and also 
for variation in degree of parasitism’ and death from other 
natural causes. 
7Dr. L. Reh in a paper entitled Untersuchungan an Amerikanischen Obst Schildlausen in 
Mittheilungen aus den Naturhistorischen Museum (Hamburg?), Vol. XVI, reports consider- 
able difference in the parasitism of the San José scale upon imported American fruits. A sum- 
mary given by Dr. L. O. Howard in U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Ent. Bul. No. 22, N. S., is as 
follows: 'Two hundred and fourteen (33.49 per ct.) living and 425 (66.51 per ct.) dead speci- 
mens of Aspidiotus perniciosus were found. Of the dead specimens, 63 were “eaten out” 
(killed by insect enemies), equal to 9.06 per ct. of all specimens, and 156 (equal to 22.44 
per ct. of all specimens) were infested with fungi. More than 30 per ct. of all imported San 
José scales arrived infested with parasitic insects or fungi. 
In a recent publication (Bul. 71) Dr. S. A. Forbes reports that 50 per ct. of the immature 
were dead before treatment in the spring. He considers that this mortality was due to the 
low vitality of the trees: Similar observations showing great mortality were made last spring 
at this Station on this and other closely allied orchard scales with the result that no satis- 
factory cause could be found for the condition unless it was parasitism or climatic conditions, 
