398 Report or THE HorricuLTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE 
over the assumedly older hermaphrodite forms, or they would 
not have developed and persisted. This advantage is supposed 
to lie in the fact that crossfertilization is thus assured. The 
seedlings resulting from cross-fertilization being usually the 
stronger! would have the better chance in the struggle for exist- 
ence with those from vines which were self-fertilized. However, 
we should not lose sight of the fact that there are also some 
advantages to the hermaphrodite forms and the chief one of 
these lies in the greater certainty of fertilization and consequent 
seed production. Thus where vines are widely scattered the 
hermaphrodites would have the advantage since the chances of 
cross-fertilization of the staminate and pistillate forms would 
be remote. Where the conditions are such that vines are numer- 
ous and closely adjacent the opposite would be the case, as 
fertilization of the pistillate flowers would be comparatively 
certain and the seedlings resulting would have the advantage 
over those resulting from self-fertilized hermaphrodites. It 
must be remembered that the adjacency referred to is not 
merely a matter of distance but would be modified more or less 
by other factors such as number and kind of insects normally 
present, direction of winds, surrounding vegetation, ete. It 
must also be remembered that although pistillate flowers are 
necessarily cross-fertilized it does not follow that hermaphrodite - 
flowers are necessarily self-fertilized. These may be cross ferti- 
lized also either by other hermaphrodites or by staminates, and 
the pistillate forms may be pollinated by either the staminates 
or hermaphrodites. In any of these cases the resulting seedling, 
while it would possess the individual vigor due to crossing, 
might be itself in any class so far as its phenological characters 
are concerned. This mixing and the fact that the advantages 
of each class tend to a certain extent to balance each other prob- 
abiy accounts for it that neither form has supplanted the other 
but both are still present. In reference to the question referred 
to in the first part of this bulletin as to whether dichogamy or the 
maturing of stamens and pistils on the same plant at different 
periods might exist in the grape, observations seem to show that 
this does not exist. The anthers usually burst and the pollen 
1Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom. Darwin. 
