404 Report OF THE HoRTICULTURIST OF THE 
against the case-bearers, bud moth, canker worm, codling moth 
and other injurious insects. The combined treatment advocated 
for scab, leaf-spot, canker- disease, codling moth, canker worms, 
and various other insects is given on page 417. As there stated,. 
the scab may generally be controlled by three applications of the 
Bordeaux mixture if made at the proper time, and very thor- 
oughly. Where but three treatments are given, the first spray- 
ing should be made after the buds break but before the blossoms. 
open; the second, just after the blossoms fall; and the third, from. 
ten to fourteen days after the second. 
Winter treatment for apple scab— Spraying for apple scab 
while the buds are dormant has not been found profitable. The 
later treatments advocated above must be made in order to control 
the disease. When these are made the winter treatment does not 
bring sufficient additional benefit to justify the expense of making 
it against the scab alone, but it may pay when directed also 
against the canker disease and combined with some application 
which must be made against insects such as case-bearers or bud 
moth. 
It is known that the scab fungus lives during winter on the. 
fallen leaves and in the spring produces spores by means of which 
it spreads to the new foliage. Probably it may exist during win- 
ter to some extent on the bark of young twigs, also. Granting 
that this is the case and that a large part of the fungus on the 
tree is killed by winter treatment, which is improbable, it is evi- 
dent that when the new foliage appears it must be covered with 
some fungicide to protect it from the spores produced on the fallen 
leaves. ‘The fruit grower should direct his efforts toward prevent- 
ing the germination of the fungus spores on the foliage, rather 
than attempt to kill the fungus in winter quarters. The Bordeaux 
mixture treatment is a preventive rather than a cure. 
SCALD. 
Stored fruit of some varieties of apples, notably Rhode Island 
Greening, sometimes becomes discolored and presents an appear- 
