New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 427 
Otherwise it is more difficult to poison them. If a second appli- 
cation is necessary use an ounce of hellebore to one gallon of water. 
GOOSEBERRY DISEASES. 
LEAF-SPOT. 
The fungi which cause the leaf-spot diseases of the currant also 
attack the gooseberry. They are discussed on page 424. 
MILDEW. 
(Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) B. & C.) 
Description.— The mildew usually makes its first appearance 
on the young shoots and leaves. Here it will first attract the 
observer’s attention as a collection of some bright, frosty sub- 
stance. On close examination it will be found to be composed of 
a mass of glistening white threads that spread rapidly under favor- 
able conditions. The more mature portions of the fungus take 
on a dirty brown color. Later it attacks the fruit in a similar 
manner. ‘The threads often spread over the berries until they 
are entirely covered with a mass of brown, felt-like mold, which 
renders them unsalable. 
European varieties, when grown in this country, are particu- 
larly susceptible to the attacks of mildew. Many of those varie- 
ties produce very large, fine fruit and are so desirable both for 
home and market that they would be grown to a much greater ex- 
tent than they now are, were it not for the attacks of this disease. 
When setting out a plantation, a site should be chosen where 
the land is well underdrained and where there is an abundant cir- 
culation of air. Branches that droop close to the ground should 
be pruned back and the ground underneath kept free from grass 
or weeds, preferably by frequent shallow cultivation, otherwise 
by mulching. 
- Treatment.— Spraying should begin early in spring after the 
buds break and before the first leaves unfold, using one ounce of 
