REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI7 49 
Wayne,* Wyoming and Yates,* the injury appearing to be particu- 
larly evident in those distinguished by a star. 
The earliest evidence of injury to the small apple is a slight 
exudation accompanied by a local discoloration and hardening. 
The young fruit is frequently pierced to the core and as growth 
continues depressions with pithy centers extending deep into the 
tissue may be noted. There is usually a marked irregularity in 
the shape of the apple and many of those most seriously affected 
are dwarfed and drop about midsummer. The earlier signs of 
infestation are of considerable importance and are indicated by an 
indistinct reddish brown spotting of the more tender opening or 
recently unfolded leaves. This discoloration has been compared to 
the appearance presented after a light dusting with red pepper. It 
is usually easy to find the small bugs, only one-twenty-fifth of'an 
inch or so in length at this time, near the leaves showing the first 
signs of attack. As the injured foliage ages the discoloration becomes 
somewhat darker and after a time the central portion of the more 
seriously affected tissues may die and drop, leaving an irregular 
series of reddish brown margined holes in the somewhat crumpled 
curled leaves, a very characteristic sign of earlier injury. 
It is possible by careful examination to detect the presence of 
these pests before the fruit has been materially damaged and early 
and thorough spraying with a tobacco soap preparation is the best 
remedial treatment. If a general and moderate infestation is sus- 
pected, it may be sufficient to delay treatment until applying the 
calyx or codling moth spray and add thereto a tobacco extract 
(40 per cent nicotine) at the rate of three-quarters of a pint to 100 
gallons of spray. Should there be a severe infestation, particularly 
of the earlier hatching red bug, this will hardly provide adequate 
protection and it may even pay to give a special treatment just 
as the blossoms are breaking, using simply a nicotine soap prepa- 
ration. The delayed dormant spray with nicotine added if held 
sufficiently late, that is, until the pink of the blossom shows, may 
make it possible to avoid an extra application, provided conditions 
permit a treatment of the affected trees within the very limited 
time when the blossoms are in this condition. 
SMALL FRUIT INSECTS 
Raspberry Byturus (Byturus unicolor Say). The moder- 
ately small, yellowish brown beetles appear in raspberry patches 
early in the season, feeding upon the unfolding leaves or unopened 
