REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9QI7 43 
determined by the enlarged and characteristically swollen brown 
dead aphids, frequently with a circular hole in the empty skin. 
Lady beetles and their grubs are so well known that further descrip- 
tion is unnecessary. The presence of considerable numbers of 
aphids killed by parasites or an abundance of lady beetles and 
their grubs is an indication that natural enemies are likely to reduce 
the infestation very shortly, especially if the weather is moderately 
warm to hot. Recognition of this condition is of practical 
importance, because it has a bearing upon the advisability of spray- 
ing, since applications for the destruction of the insects are of 
comparatively little service if most of them have been killed or 
are being rapidly destroyed by beneficial insects. 
Remedial measures. The experience of last season has demon- 
strated the eTicacy of the nicotine soap preparation, using three- 
quarters of a pint (40 per cent nicotine) to too gallons of water, 
to which are added 6 to 8 pounds of any cheap soap. The one 
essential is to spray thoroughly and particularly from the under 
side so as to drench all the insects. Early treatment repeated several 
times at three day intervals will prevent serious damage. It is 
important to do this early and thus prevent a serious check to the 
growing plants. 
NOTES FOR THE YEAR 
There have been comparatively few complaints of injury to trees 
by leaf-eating insects. The cool, wet conditions prevailing in spring 
and early summer promoted plant growth and were unfavorable 
to the development of insect life. There were many localities where 
macveln leat beetle, Galermcella luteola Mull, though 
seriously injurious in earlier years, hardly damaged the trees. 
The comparative scarcity of early leaf feeders was a marked 
contrast to the unusual abundance of late-appearing caterpillars, 
such as the hickory tussock moth, Halisidota caryae Harr., 
the oak tussock caterpillar, H. maculata Harr., and the pale 
tussock caterpillar, H. tessellaris Sm. and Abb., these being 
particularly numerous and causing considerable apprehension, not 
only in regard to immediate injuries but also aS to developments 
in the future. The fall web worm, Hyphantria textor 
Harr., was generally present and somewhat destructive. The 
abundance of other late leaf feeders on fruit trees is noticed below. 
There are also notes under appropriate heads relating to some of 
the more injurious species. 
