REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI7 37 
there being some darker specimens with rather larger black tubercles 
and lighter ones with somewhat smaller tubercles (figures 7 and 8). 
Distribution. This species is probably widely distributed, since 
it has been recorded from England, France, Germany, the Balkan 
Peninsula, Bithynia and west in Asia to Turkestan. The range 
suggests that the insect can maintain itself over most of the United 
States and southern Canada. 
This apple pest has become established in New York State in 
an area, determined in cooperation with Dr G. G. Atwood of the 
State Department of Farms and Markets, as centering approximately 
upon Ardsley and Irvington, extending east to White Plains and 
possibly Mount Kisco, south to Harrison and north to Croton. It 
also occurs on the west bank of the Hudson river, ranging for a 
mile or two north and south of Nyack and west to West Nyack. 
Apparently there is less injury on the west bank of the Hudson, 
suggesting that the species obtained its foothold on the east bank 
and from there has been gradually spreading. The probabilities 
are against the rapid dissemination of this insect, though we have 
no definite information as to just how long it has been established 
in this country. 
Life history. It has not been possible to work out the complete 
life history of this insect under American conditions, though there 
is no reason for thinking that the moth has departed materially 
from its habits as recorded in Europe. Mr J. W. Tutt states that 
adults occur in September and October on flowers of Compositae 
while William West records capturing specimens among goldenrod. 
The moths and probably pupae hibernate, the former in any 
shelter such as thatch and the latter in cocoons attached to leaves. 
The overwintered moths or those issuing from pupae deposit eggs 
probably when the leaves are partly developed, since Meyrick 
records larvae as occurring in England during May, June and 
August. Messrs Gelin and Lucas report them in France in April 
and September and Rouast in August and September, while Grund 
records them in Bohemia during June and July and Doctor Reh 
in Germany during spring and late summer, these data indicating 
at least two and probably three generations annually. There is 
considerable variation in development toward the end of the season, 
at least under American conditions. Full-grown and very small 
larvae were found simultaneously at Irvington in September and 
even in early October, a few larvae feeding to the latter part of the 
month. Larval growth is probably completed within four to six 
weeks. The type of injury suggests that the moths deposit a few 
