32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
made good by later treatments, though the latter are undoubtedly 
helpful. The equipment should be such that the trees could be 
thoroughly and quickly covered with the spray and the men doing 
the work should have a full appreciation of the difficulties and the 
possibilities. The last is by no means an insignificant factor in 
securing thorough work. A liberal application should be made at 
this time and the aim should be to fill every calyx cup with poison, 
since it is at this point that most of the killing occurs. The second 
application for the codling moth may be effective in reducing “ side 
injury’ or “ shallow’ affected fruit to some extent, though condi- 
tions the past two seasons would indicate no very marked gain in 
this respect and a comparison of percentages between the different 
plots shows a remarkable consistency in the proportion of “‘ shallow ”’ 
affected apples between the sprayed and the unsprayed trees. The 
elimination of this type of injury, we believe, as stated last year, 
must depend very largely upon the treatment of the preceding 
season; in other words, the clean orchard kept clean by thorough 
and systematic spraying year after year will suffer very much less 
from injury of this kind. 
The light crop of the past season has emphasized very strongly 
the effect a scanty yield may have upon the proportion of wormy 
apples, percentages running considerably higher than in the two 
preceding years. The high prices realized for fruit is an additional 
incentive for thorough spraying. 
Evening temperatures have a decided effect upon the periodicity 
of oviposition, though the climatic and other conditions were 
unfavorable the past season, as well as the preceding, for the 
obtaining of any sharply defined data. The conclusions of last 
year are borne out by the records obtained the past season. 
Both the second and third sprayings for the codling moth, even 
if they have comparatively little influence in reducing the numbers 
of this pest, are abundantly justified in localities or during seasons 
when scab is more or less prevalent, assuming of course that a 
fungicide is universally added to the poisoned spray. 
There was no such widespread injury to foliage as a result of 
spraying the past season as obtained the preceding year, though in 
a few instances a perceptible amount of burning was traceable to 
overloading the leaves with a spray which under normal conditions 
would be harmless. Forcible, moderately strong applications can 
not be driven upon the leaves without danger of burning. There 
should be a distance of 6 to 8 feet, in some cases possibly more, 
between the nozzle and the foliage. 
