18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
under the rough bark of trees. The caterpillars transform to brown, 
apparently lifeless pupae in late April or early May and the moths 
commence to emerge and continue to appear throughout the greater 
part of June. Cool evenings, that is, a temperature below 60° F., 
may delay egg laying considerably, which appears to be an important 
factor in the western part of the State. The minute whitish eggs 
are deposited largely on the leaves though under certain conditions, 
as shown by our observations of the last two years, they may be more 
abundant on the young fruit. The eggs hatch in about a week and 
consequently the young larvae of the first brood may be entering the 
fruit from early in June, approximately three weeks after the blossoms 
fall, to the end of the month and even to the latter part of July. 
Some of these young caterpillars, especially those hatching from 
late deposited eggs, have the habit of gnawing a small hole in the 
side of the fruit, excavating a circular gallery with a radius of approxi- 
mately one-sixteenth of an inch and then deserting this cavity and 
entering at the blossom end. This is particularly likely to occur in 
the western part of the State during late June and early July and is 
very generally known as “ side injury ”’ and is the type characterized 
in our tabulations of last year and the past season as “ shallow.” 
The caterpillars require about four weeks to complete their growth, 
at which time they desert the fruit, wander to a sheltered place, 
spin a cocoon, transform to pupae and in about two weeks, namely, 
the last of July or early in August, another brood of moths may 
appear. These in turn deposit eggs which hatch in due time and 
the young larvae enter the side of the fruit, especially where two 
apples touch or a leaf hangs against the apple, as well as at the 
blossom end. Two broods appear to be the rule in the northern 
fruit-growing section of the United States, the second being a partial 
one usually in western New York. Some investigators claim a third 
brood in the southwest. Most of the partly grown larvae found in 
winter apples at picking time belong to the second brood, while 
those fully developed may have come from late-deposited eggs 
of the first brood, much depending upon the season. 
CODLING MOTH EXPERIMENTAL WORK 
Barker Orchard 
The work in Niagara county was continued in the orchard of 
Mr George Mead at Barker. The trees were large, thrifty, some 
27 years old, and mostly Baldwins. 
