362 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
LIAU-SI DISTRICT. 
The hills and irregular low mountains which flank the broad plain 
of the Liau-ho on the west are often grouped under the name Ljiau-si 
in contrast to those on the east (Liau-tung). Our observations in this 
region were confined to the cursory examination possible in a journey 
by railroad from Yin-k’ou to Tientsin. From von Richthofen’s report 
it is evident that the rocks are in general like those on the east. 
ALGONKIAN. 
Rocks OF SEDIMENTARY ORIGIN. 
PSAMMITES. 
White schistose quartzite, No. 60.—Pieces of this quartzite are used as 
railroad ballast at Kou-p’an-tzi junction. From Mr. Leitch, the English 
inspector of that portion of the railroad, I learned that the rock is exposed 
in an isolated hill southeast of Kau-shan-tzi, near Kuang-ning-hién. At 
that point it is associated with the gray marble which has been utilized 
in making the platform at Kou-p’an-tzi. These rocks bear a general 
resemblance to the Ta-ku-shan (Algonkian) series of Liau-tung. 
A grayish-white coarse-grained quartzite in which there are obvious 
traces of schistose structure. The grains are mainly clear quartz with a 
few white feldspars now extensively altered to kaolin. The original cement 
between the grains has been obliterated in the metamorphic process to 
which the rock has been subjected. 
Evidences of deformation are conspicuous when the rock is examined 
in thin section. All elongate grains lie parallel to the planes of cleavage. 
Many have been severely strained and even fractured. The sand-grains 
are now embedded in a schistose matrix of granular quartz, with flakes 
of kaolin and sericite. The intimate relation of this material to the ragged 
edges of the sand-grains indicates that it is largely the result of heavy 
stresses which have granulated and pulverized the original cement and 
parts of the adjacent grains. Under the same conditions the micaceous 
flakes have been developed in parallel orientation. A notable portion 
of the rock has thus been reduced to minute fragments. 
Rocks oF IGNEOUS ORIGIN. 
GRANITES. 
Gray biotite granite, No. 58.—North of the railroad station of Shi- 
san-ch’an this granite is quarried from a rugged hill at the edge of the 
alluvial plain. Its relations to the other rocks are not known, but it 
agrees well with descriptions of von Richthofen’s “Korea granite,’’ which 
is of Algonkian age. 
