32 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
and predominant. ‘The Man-t’o contains a sparse Middle or Lower Cambrian fauna in its 
upper portion; the Kiu-lung carries very abundant faunas, which range from Middle Cam- 
brian at the base to Upper Cambrian and possibly to lowest Ordovician at the top. [Willis, 
1907, p- 40. 
The Kiu-lung group is divided into the Ch’ang-hia limestone at the base, 
the Ku-shan shale, and the Ch’au-mi-tién limestone. 
Ch’ang-hia limestone.—The lower portion of the Kiu-lung group is com- 
posed of green shale and limestone, alternating in character and forming a 
series 400 to 500 feet thick (120 to 150 meters). 
Ku-shan shale-—The middle portion of the group is characterized by 
dominance of shale, and Doctor Willis gave it the name of the Ku-shan shale 
in the vicinity of Shan-si, where a single stratum occurs 150 feet (45 meters) 
thick. 
Ch’au-mi-tién limestone—The upper part of the Kiu-lung group, the 
Ch’au-mi-tién limestone, horizontally maintains a uniform character. It is 
given a thickness of from 400 to 600 feet (120 to 185 meters). It repre- 
sents a widespread condition of deposition. 
The Upper Sinian, the Tsi-nan limestone, differs in lithologic characters 
and also contains fossils of Lower Ordovician type.’ 
The lower portion of the Kiu-lung group is designated as the Ch’ang-hia 
limestone in the Ch’ang-hia district, and in the Sin-t’ai district as the lower 
limestone. Blackwelder gives the reason for this as follows: 

The classification of the Kiu-lung group into three separate divisions is not appropriate 
for this district, in spite of the fact that the general paleontologic horizons of the Ch’ang-hia 
area are recognized here with ease. The black oolite is much reduced in thickness, and is 
largely replaced by shales. The Ku-shan shale is thicker and carries fossils which belong 
to the Ch’ang-hia and Ch’au-mi-tién formations, respectively, in its upper and lower portions. 
The Ch’au-mi-tién limestone alone retains the general character noted in the first area 
studied, but its base is somewhat shifted. Thus, the Kiu-lung, which in the Ch’ang-hia 
district is a group composed of three formations, is in the Sin-t’ai district a consistent 
formation, containing members of limestone and shale, which are of local occurrence only. 
[Blackwelder, 1907, pp. 36-37.] 
RELATION OF THE CAMBRIAN TO THE ORDOVICIAN. 
The Ch’au-mi-tién limestone is described by Blackwelder as a very dark 
gray, finely crystalline rock that has a distinctly blue color where exposed to 
the weather. The summit of the formation is marked by a change in the 
character of the sediments, the lower member of the next younger series being 
yellowish in color and notably dolomitic.’ 
The Tsi-nan formation above the Cambrian is one of the most widely 
distributed formations in China and is readily recognized by the light-colored 
argillaceous limestones or dolomites and thin shales of its lower member and 
the brown dolomitic limestone of its upper member.* 

“The Cambrian portion of the Sinian is described in detail with sections and distribution of faunas by Dr. 
Eliot Blackwelder in his description of the stratigraphy of Shan-tung [Blackwelder, 1907, vol.1, part I, 
pp. 19-58] and in the description of the stratigraphy of Chi-li in Shan-si [1907, pp. 136-147],so that it 
will not be necessary for me to go further into the details of sedimentation and stratigraphy. 
2 Blackwelder, 1907, pp. 34, 35. 3Tdem, p. 44. 
