CHAPTER I. 
STRATIGRAPHY OF SHAN-TUNG. 
By E.iot BLACKWELDER, 
The formations which we saw and discriminated along our route of 
travel in Shan-tung range from the Pre-Cambrian to the present. The 
Pre-Cambrian is represented by a single great system, which we have 
called the T’ai-shan complex. Among the Paleozoics there are two; the 
Sinian system and the Shan-si coal-bearing system. Strata belonging to 
the Permian, Mesozoic, or Tertiary were not definitely identified, though 
Post-Carboniferous rocks are present in considerable thickness. The super- 
ficial deposits are chiefly Quaternary, but may include late Tertiary. 
PRE-CAMBRIAN. 
T’AI-SHAN COMPLEX. 
The oldest rocks which we found in Shan-tung belong to a metamor- 
phic complex, the constituents of 
which are largely igneous, though 
perhaps, in part, sedimentary in ori- 
gin. The formation is broadly ex- 
posed in the central part of the 
province, and is typically developed 
in the T’ai-shan mountain range. 
The complex may be divided into 
three groups of rocks. epee, 
(1). Schists and gneisses, most so reey 
ancient. Fic. 2 (Blackwelder) —Ch’ang-hia, Shan-tung. 
: : : Detail of T’ai-shan complex, showing ancient 
(2) ? Granites, relatively little gneiss intruded by a schistose dike and the two 
altered. cut by massive granite. On the left appears the 
(3¥% Dike-rocks, younger than unconformity at the base of the Cambrian. a 
: = red granite; b= gray gneiss; c= black schis- 
the granites. tose: dike: 


ANCIENT SCHISTS AND GNEISSES. 
The prevailing rock in the first group is a banded gray gneiss of medium 
grain, composed of quartz, orthoclase, and biotite, with accessory minerals. 
There are numerous variations from this prevailing type. In the T’ai-shan 
range itself, the gneiss sometimes contains more hornblende than biotite, 
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