STRATIGRAPHY OF SHAN-TUNG. 5I 
discussion of the fossil plants submitted to him by von Richthofen, says 
of these specimens from ‘‘'T'sing-ko-tschwang’’ (Ts’ai-kia-chuang): ‘‘ That 
they belong to the Carboniferous is revealed at the first glance.’’* This 
opinion is in accord with the close resemblance of the strata to those at 
Yen-chuang, which have been even more positively identified as Carbon- 
‘iferous by means of well-known animal fossils. 
If one may judge by the positions of the abandoned mines, which 
are scattered over the plain, the coal itself occurs at several horizons. 
Since the whole series is inclined 30° to 40° to the southwest, the mines 
would lie approximately in a row if only a single vein had been exploited. 
No igneous rocks were observed in this locality. 
A small exposure of the basal Carboniferous shales appears on the 
south side of the Wo6n-ho, 5 miles, 8 kilometers, south of Sin-t’ai-hién. 
Although they are here adjacent to the Ordovician limestone, no oppor- 
tunities for studying the contact of the two formations were afforded. 
The rock surface dips under the alluvium of the river flat, thus concealing 
the coal, if it exists here at all. 








SSN 
RSisa 
MAS 
ANAT 
RANA 

Fic. 13. (Blackwelder).—Yen-chuang, Shan-tung. Partial section of Po-shan (Carboniferous) and Sin- 
t’ai (Permo-Mesozoic), showing intrusive volcanic rocks. a = purple and yellow shales; b = gray 
sandy shale and sandstone; c= variegated shales; d= maroon shale and yellow sandstone; e = black 
shale; f = greenish sandstone and shale; g= basalt dikes and sills; h= yellow shale; 1= variegated 
shales and gray sandstone; 7 = gray sandstone; k=red sandy shale; /= buff syenite-porphyry; 
m= gray and pink sandstone with local seams of conglomerate; m = red sandy shale; 0 = syenite- 
porphyry dikes; p= green stratified tuffs; g= basalt dike; r=dark gray sandstone. 
In the vicinity of the town of Yen-chuang, the Po-shan formation 
occupies a large part of the plain east of the W6n-ho. The lowest rocks of 
the series are yellow, gray, and black shales with ocherous and gray sand- 
stones in subordinate amount. Several coal-seams occur in the carbon- 
aceous shales, 50 to 200 feet, 15 to 60 meters, above the base of the series, 
and are followed by more yellow shales, coarse sandstones, and nodular 
clays. Occasional green and purplish strata in the shales enliven the 
colors of the outcrops. Locally associated with the coal there is a black 
bituminous limestone, fragments of which, found lying on the coal-waste 
dumps near an abandoned mine, yielded specimens of well-known Carbon- 
iferous brachiopods. Richthofen found a similar fossiliferous limestone in 
the Po-shan coal-field, and was thus able to determine the age of the coal 
in Shan-tung. 

* This identification has recently been disputed by Lorenz (loc. cit., p. 19), but as he presents no 
new evidence regarding the ‘‘Tsing-ko-tschwang” flora, we accept Schenk’s statement as the most 
reliable now available. Our own specimens were not identifiable, 
