STRATIGRAPHY OF SHAN-TUNG. 57 
layers, and more frequently contains small pebbles of red jasper, gran- 
ite, and other hard rocks, sparsely distributed through the strata. The 
gray sandy shale member appears 2 miles, 3 kilometers, or more south 
of Chéu-ts’un, but the outcrop is obscured by a mass of basalt, which 
has the appearance of being an extrusive sheet. This lava is a fresh 
olivine-basalt in which the pyroxene and feldspars are confined to the 
ground-mass. Several miles to the southeast there are scattered dikes of 
augite-syenite-porphyry in which the phenocrysts are large idiomorphic 
feldspars; olivine is absent. 
TERTIARY. 
The time following the deposition of the Sin-t’ai series is not repre- 
sented by any extensive rock formations, except the accumulation of 
loess, alluvium, and ordinary soils, all of which have been developed in 
comparatively recent times. We know of only one consolidated terrane 
younger than the Sin-t’ai series. 
WON-HO CONGLOMERATE. 
The Wo6n-ho conglomerate is developed locally in central Shan-tung 
in association with normal faults. The conglomerates were found only 
on the downthrow side of such dislocations. The hills on the north side 
of the valley between Ts’ai-kia-chuang and Sin-t’ai-hién are composed 
partly of these conglomerates and partly of Sinian limestones. South of 
Sin-t’ai there are isolated exposures of the same formation, and von 
Richthofen reports, from the region southeast of Sin-t’ai, rocks which 
appear to be identical. North and east of Yen-chuang there are other 
conglomerates of this character. 
The W6n-ho formation is composed of massive beds of coarse gravel, 
which is partially cemented into a rather firm conglomerate. So far as 
observed, the formation does not contain any interbedded layers of other 
rocks, but consists of conglomerate from bottom to top, through a thick- 
ness of at least more than too feet, 30 meters, in some localities. The 
pebbles are often angular, but are usually rounded as if water-worn to a 
greater or less degree. They are composed very largely of dark Sinian 
limestones and pieces of chert, which may have been included in the lime- 
stone. In the exposure south of Sin-t’ai-hién there are associated with the 
limestones a variety of other rocks; gray and black quartzites, green por- 
phyries, pink granite, coarse white sandstone, basalt, vein-quartz, and soft 
red sandstone. 
The relation of this formation to the older systems was not definitely 
determined, as basal contacts were not actually observed. A few miles 
