CHAPTER III. 
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF SHAN-TUNG. 
By BaiLéy WILLIS. 

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 
Method of discussion.—In the preceding chapter on the stratigraphy 
of Shan-tung several great systems of rocks are distinguished according 
to their petrological and stratigraphical characteristics. They are equally 
distinct in individual structural phenomena, and yet they have also all 
suffered deformation in common. In discussing the structure we shall 
follow the order of development by beginning with the oldest and describ- 
ing those structures which are characteristic of each successive system; 
and then, in appropriate historical sequence, we may give an account of 
the structures common to all. We shall thus review: (1) the Pre-Cambrian, 
(2) the late Paleozoic or early Mesozoic, and (3) the late Mesozoic or Ter- 
tiary epochs of deformation. 
The mountain peninsula of Shan-tung is a land which was deeply 
eroded in Pre-Cambrian time, and sank beneath the Cambrian sea; which 
was buried under Pre-Silurian sediments to a depth of probably 5,000 
feet, 1,500 meters; which was raised without deformation, slightly eroded, 
and further buried under late Carboniferous and Mesozoic sediments and 
local masses of extrusive igneous rocks; which after the close of the 
Paleozoic suffered slight folding by compression; which later was broken 
by normal faults into relatively small blocks that experienced great dislo- 
cation; and which has since been deeply eroded. During the latest geo- 
logic epochs extensive superficial deposits have accumulated in valleys and 
on plains. Considered as a whole, Shan-tung is, therefore, an irregular 
mosaic; wide areas of the oldest rocks are inlaid with fragments of Paleo- 
zoic and Mesozoic strata, and much of the surface is covered by the dust 
of later ages. 
The following description is based upon our detailed studies of two 
typical districts, and reconnaissance notes of our journey from Tsi-nan-fu 
to Po-shan. 
STRUCTURE OF THE T’AI-SHAN COMPLEX. 
Metamorphism and folding.—The T’ai-shan complex is composed of 
metamorphic rocks, which are, to a great extent, schistose and recrystal- 
lized. The metamorphism of all the older members is extreme; only the 
relatively young granite is but slightly altered. These changes of the 
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