64 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
member of the Sinian system, this fold probably indicates an even larger 
one in the underlying formations. ‘There are evidences of similar folding 
in the adjacent hill, a mile to the northwest; but the structures are isolated 
by the surrounding alluvium, and their extension can not be made out. 
In the northwestern part of the Ch’ang-hia district is a conspicuous 
mountain, the Ts’in-lung-shan, which is composed of the lower part of 
the Tsi-nan limestone, together with a lower member which is here of a 
shaly character and has served the rigid limestone as a surface of relatively 
easy dislocation. The western end of the mountain exhibits two over- 
thrust faults involving these formations (see Plate XV). The dip of the 
faults is gentle and toward the northwest. They may be interpreted as 
evidences of unequal resistance and of local yielding by dislocation to a 
thrust, which, in the underlying strata probably produced a fold. 
Outside the Ch’ang-hia district, between it and Tsi-nan-fu, and 7 
miles, 11 kilometers, southwest of that city, the Tsi-nan limestone forms a 
ridge running north and south. ‘The strata are folded in a broad syncline, 
south of which occur several smaller folds of a peculiar rectangular form. 
The dip changes abruptly from horizontality to verticality, producing a 
step-like effect. 
STRUCTURE OF THE SINIAN IN THE SIN-T’AI DISTRICT. 
Absence of folds.—The masses of strata of the Sinian system remaining 
in the Sin-t’ai district are comparatively small and are isolated. They 
have a general dip of 15° to 20° toward the north, sometimes a little to 
the east, sometimes to the west, of that point. In the northern part of 
the district the Sinian system is succeeded by the coal-bearing Po-shan 
formation of Upper Carboniferous age, and the strata are, so far as local 
observations can determine, conformable as to dip. In the upper part 
of the Po-shan formation occur tuffs and lavas, which are also in con- 
formity with the earlier rocks. Hence we may infer that whatever com- 
pression the strata in this part of Shan-tung suffered toward the close of 
the Paleozoic or in the early Mesozoic was without effect in folding the 
rigid mass of the Sinian system and overlying rocks. 
NORMAL FAULTING. 
IN THE SIN-T’AI DISTRICT. 
In general.—Normal faulting is strikingly developed in the western 
mountain district of Shan-tung. Von Richthofen recognized it in his 
first reconnaissance, 1869, and incorporated his interpretation in a map.* 
Our own observations confirm his, and supplement them with some details. 
Before stating the general relations, I give the facts of faulting as we 
mapped them in the Sin-t’ai district. 

* Ein Versuch einer tektonischen Karte des noérdlichen China, 
