68 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
from the outcrop of the Man-t’o formation, which occurs 2 miles, 3 kilo- 
meters, further north; the result is 6,800 feet, 2,000 meters. Two miles, 
3 kilometers, further west this fault runs into the gneiss and its displace- 
ment becomes indeterminate, but probably diminishes westward as it does 
eastward. 
The fault Nf is peculiar in that the upthrow side is on the west, whereas 
in all approximately parallel faults it is on the east. The effect is to place 
the valley south of the Kiu-lung range in a graben, and to raise the con- 
spicuous granite mass of the Lién-hua-shan to a greater altitude than any 
other mountain of the vicinity. 
If one should attempt to discover systems among the faults of the 
Sin-t’ai district, and to this end should arrange the faults in groups accord- 
ing to their courses, there might perhaps be distinguished two or three; 
namely, north-south, east-west, and northwest-southeast systems. There 
are, at least, representatives which have these directions. If one further 
sought to determine the relative ages of the systems, one might discover 
that the north-south faults, having the upthrow on the east, terminate 
in the east-west faults, and that the latter are themselves cut off by Nf, 
having the upthrow on the west. Aspecial study of this question, in the hill 
Hu-lu-shan, which lies in the triangle between Ng, Nh, and a branch fault 
connecting them, showed the following: a fault striking N. 25° W. and dip- 
ping 85°E. is cut off by one striking N. 30° E. and dipping 65° NW.; and 
the latter is terminated by a third which strikes N. 80° W. and dips 60° 
to 80° S. The relations appear to correspond with those of the faults Ng 
and Nh, to which these small faults are parallel. Yet, although the obser- 
vations, in general and in detail, indicate that the faults do terminate 
one against another, it does not follow that they are of different ages. 
Nh is clearly traced into Ng, and may quite as well be considered con- 
tinuous with it as terminated by it. Nd1 and Nd2 appear to be branches 
trending southwest from a north-south fracture. Nb may be regarded as 
a branch of Ne, and Na is continuous, though changing its course from 
northwest to north and again to northwest. It seems more reasonable to 
regard these faults as effects of a strain set up simultaneously throughout 
the whole mass, which resulted in irregular fractures, according to variable 
local conditions. 
The details of faulting, which have been described in the preceding 
paragraphs, lie within a more extended area in which normal faulting is the 
principal structural phenomenon (see map, Plate XII). We do not know 
how much of that area is cut up as intricately and closely as is the Sin-t’ai 
district, but the faults which we traced extend beyond it, and the moun- 
tains within our range of vision exhibited similar disconnected features. 
