78 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
Parallel to the downthrown valleys of the three W6n-ho rivers are 
the two great outer mountain chains of western Shan-tung. The T’ai-shan 
is the upraised margin of that northwestern section of the mountain region 
in which we observed no local faulting,* and the range of the Shi-m6n- 
shan and Kiu-nii-shan is likewise the elevated part of the great fault-block, 
whose depressed northern margin is seen at Sin-t’ai. Within the Sin-t’ai 
district the highest mass is that of the Lién-hua-shan, on the upthrow 
side of the fault Nf. The Kiu-lung-shan and Huang-yang-shan are simi- 
larly elevated masses adjacent to the valley, which corresponds to the 
downthrow along the fault Ng. The maze of faults in the central part 
of the district does not agree with any arrangement of topographic features, 
but along the great fault Na the hills which lie on the upthrow side repre- 
sent, topographically as well as geologically, the effects of displacement. 
There is thus in the relation of heights as well as of valleys that con- 
nection with normal faults which we would expect in case the relief due 
to faulting still survived. 
Adjustment of relief.—Although the principal features of relief are 
effects of normal faulting, the relation is by no means so obvious as it 
is in regions where displacement is of more modern occurrence. During 
the development of faulting, fault-scarps of notable altitude probably 
rose close to the lines of the major faults, as they now do in Shan-si and 
Shen-si; at the present time they have retreated to such an extent that 
the faults lie far out in the valley, and the scarp in fact no longer exists. 
Where the effect of faulting was to bring a resistant limestone into con- 
tact with the much softer schist or gneiss, it often occurs that the lime- 
stone on the downthrow side now forms a ridge and that there is a minor 
valley on the upthrow. An example of this kind is seen 3 to 5 miles north- 
west of Sin-t’ai, and is delineated in the special map. It also happens 
that the Won-ho conglomerate, the talus of the old fault-scarp, remains, 
forming a conspicuous ridge along the faults Na and Ni. 
The recession of the fault-scarps has corresponded with the widening 
of the valleys, and they accordingly present extensive level plains. Thus, 
north of Sin-t’ai, the hills which represent the fault-scarp rise from the 
valley floor 1% to 2 miles, 2.5 to 3.5 kilometers, north of the fault Na. 
It does not, however, follow that so wide a valley as that of the W6n-ho 
near T’ai-an-fu, which is 15 miles, 24 kilometers, across, has resulted 
wholly from erosion; it is more probable that this valley in particular 
is a graben, bounded by faults on both sides. 
* Lorenz maps several dislocations south of Tsi-nan-fu and east of our route (loc. cit., p. 23 and 
accompanying maps and profiles, especially profile A). 
