162 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
area is much smaller. It lies in the high range south of Chung-hua, and 
according to native accounts contains very little coal. 
North of the principal syncline on the Hu-t’o-ho, on the west side of 
the river, occurs a detached remnant of the Sinian. It forms the greater 
part of the ridge southwest of Tung-yii. The strata dip gently south. 
They lie unconformably upon the steeply dipping Tung-yii argillite and 
limestone, extend under the river level, and should be continuous with 
the same strata in the syncline to the south; but they are traversed by a 
normal fault, with downthrow to the north, which occasions the repetition 
of the red shale and oolitic limestones. 
Section in the Ki-chou-shan.—In the lofty mountain range which 
rises southeast of the Hin-chdéu basin, Sinian strata form the summit and 
a greater part of the northwestern slope. The structure is complex and 
our observations did not suffice to trace it out in detail. Immediately 

Fic. 51 (Blackwelder).—Ki-chéu-shan, Shan-si. View of the western end of the range, as seen 
from the slope below the triangulation station south of Han-yang; showing the Sinian 
system bent in closed folds and overthrust from the north by Pre-Cambrian granite. 
southeast of Chung-hua the red shales at the base of the series occur in 
the lowest foothills, in a nearly vertical or overturned attitude; they are 
overthrust from the north by Hu-t’o strata, and on the southeast are 
succeeded by overlying limestones in a sharply compressed syncline. 
Near the crest of the range, 1 mile, 1.5 kilometers, further southeast, is an 
anticlinal axis in the limestones, and southeast of the summit occurs a 
syncline in which coal is mined (Figs. 39 and 51). 
The trend of the flexures is more to the west of south than that of 
the normal fault-scarp, and therefore the anticlines and synclines run out 
successively into the face of the range, and are cut off. 
About 3 miles, 5 kilometers, east-southeast of Han-yang, anoverthrust, 
which is believed to be nearly parallel to these folds and is known to be 
older than the normal fault, brings the Pre-Cambrian granite over the 
Man-t’o shale from the north. The trenching of the gently inclined 
fault-plane has caused the lower Sinian strata to appear in the bottoms 
of the gulches, while the granite remains in the ridges which separate the 
small valleys (see Fig. 31). 
Near the western end of the Ki-chéu-shan the folding appears to have 
been especially complex (see Fig. 51). At the north base of the range, 
