164 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
did not actually see the fault at this point, but the dislocation of the strata 
was observed from the hills east of the Hu-t’o-ho, north of the Yau-t’6u 
coal-field. It is especially marked by the repetition of the red shales at 
the base of the Sinian. Still further southwestward, along the base of the 
Ki-chéu-shan, the evidence of faulting is seen in the depression of the 
floor of the Hin-chéu basin, the elevation of the crest of the range to an 
altitude of 3,000 feet, 900 meters, above the plain, and the steep scarp 
of the range. ‘The details of topographic features are discussed under 
physiography, but we may here note that the mountain front extends, in 
a slightly convex continuous face, for a distance of 20 miles, 32 kilometers, 
without prominent spurs. Its surface is gashed by ravines, but not yet 
deeply dissected, and along that portion of its extent where alluvial 
cones have not developed to great height the short spurs end toward the 
plain in triangular facets, which fall into a common plane, are vertically 
grooved, and are taken to represent the actual plane of dislocation. ‘The 
displacement on this normal fault is apparently greatest immediately 
southeast of Chung-hua, where it amounts to the height of the range above 
the plain, 4,000 feet, 1,200 meters, plus an unknown amount below the 
plain. From this maximum the displacement diminishes rapidly, both 
northeastward and southwestward, and the fault apparently dies out in 
15 or 20 kilometers. 
DATES OF EPISODES OF DEFORMATION. 
PRE-CAMBRIAN EPISODES. 
Post-Wu-t'ai deformation.—Being sedimentary strata, the Wu-t’ai 
schists were originally deposited in a nearly flat attitude, with a simply 
bedded internal structure. They are now complexly folded and schistose. 
The changes of form are of an intense and universal character, and are 
accompanied by equally general changes of constitution, inasmuch as all 
the mineral constituents have been recrystallized and have entered into 
new combinations. This universal alteration is not shared by strata of the 
succeeding Hu-t’o series, and must, accordingly, have taken place before 
the latter were deposited. After the shales, limestones, and sandstones of 
the Wu-t’ai system had been deposited, they were buried till they reached 
a position favorable to recrystallization and the development of cleavage, 
and were elevated and eroded before the Hu-t’o epoch began. 
Post-Hu-t’o deformation.—Although, southeast of Téu-ts’un, Hu-t’o 
strata occur locally along a thrust-fault in apparent conformity with the 
overturned Cambrian, the two series were elsewhere found in marked 
unconformity of sedimentation and dip. At the undisturbed contact 
southwest of Tung-yti the Sinian is nearly horizontal and the Tung-yi 
nearly vertical. The evidence of general sections is, moreover, confirmed 
by the general distribution, as the Sinian overlaps upon different members 
