312 RESEARCH IN CHINA. 
south by a synclinorium of Carboniferous rocks, which are overturned 
southward. 
The principal area of the Hei-shui system is limited on the north 
by a belt of intrusive granite, which is about 4 miles, 6 kilometers, across 
on the Hei-shui-ho and also on the river north of Mu-tzi-p’ing. North 
of the granite is an occurrence of limestone and schists, which we place 
with the Hei-shui system as unclassified Paleozoic; whether the strata of 
the northern area are equivalent to those of the southern we do not know; 
they are probably earlier. The section on the Hei-shui-ho is short. It 
contains massive impure limestone of green-gray color, underlain by gray 
mica-schists and greenish graywackes, which are somewhat schistose. 
Talus which rolls down the mountain north of Liu-yué-ho contains masses 
of slaty maroon conglomerate. The planes of cleavage make a large 
angle with the layers of pebbles, which mark the original lines of bedding. 
In the coarsest phase of the conglomerate the pebbles attain a diameter 
of 5 to 8 inches, 12 to 20 centimeters. ‘They consist of buff-white limestone, 
white, reddish, and blue-gray quartz, and banded flint. The fragments, 
although somewhat rounded, are relatively angular and ill assorted. It 
is not possible to determine whether the pebbles were derived from the 
Kan-yii-wan strata, but all the constituents noted could have been secured 
therefrom. The slight alteration of the conglomerate indicates that it is 
not so old as the Kan-yti-wan schists, which occur north of it, and the 
color of the slate suggests the basal red shales of the Cambrian in north- 
eastern China. Unfortunately the rock was not observed in place, and we 
did not see its relation to the graywackes, slates, and impure limestones, 
which occur south of it, but in all probability it is at their base and above 
the Kan-yti-wan schists. An observation by von Richthofen along a route 
somewhat to the west of ours tends to support this view.* At Pai-kia- 
tién he found similar slates and limestones resting on green schists in 
apparent unconformity. In the eastern section of these rocks, observed 
between T’ié-k’iau (atlas sheet a 1) and the granite, there is a distinct 
syncline, in which the sequence from below upward is mica-schist, white 
quartzite, and gray limestone. A basal contact was not seen, probably 
because the line between the older Kan-yii-wan schist and the mica-schist 
was overlooked in traversing the canyon. The white quartzite is a con- 
spicuous formation 600 or 700 feet, 180 to 200 meters, thick, which in 
homogeneity and texture resembled white marble and was like quartzites 
that, in the Appalachian province of America, pass in a short distance 
into limestone. The overlying gray limestone was massively bedded and 
not greatly altered. 

_* China, vol. 0, p. 582 
