Fant Key 5 
Key to the Families 
A. GYNOSPERMS  (ConE-BEARERS)—Trees or shrubs, evergreen (except 
Larix), cone-bearers (except Taxus and Juniperus) ; leaves either needles or scales; 
ovules not enclosed in an ovary. 
B. Fruit a red berry; leaves complanate, scattered, needle-like, flat, sharply acute 
or acuminate; ovule |; flowers dioicous, solitary, axillary. TAXACEAE (p. 25) 
BB. Fruit either a woody cone or a bluish berry; leaves not agreeing with the above 
in all points; ovules 2 to several on each scale; flowers mostly monoicous, mostly 
several grouped together forming cones; cones usually axillary. PINACEAE (p. 25) 
AA. ANGIOSPERMS (Ovary-PLANTs)—Trees or shrubs or herbs, mostly not 
evergreen; inflorescence rarely cone-like; leaves rarely needles or scales; ovules en- 
closed in an ovary. 
C. MonocotyLeEpons—Herbs or one a vining shrub (Smilax), some leaflless and 
floating; leaves parallel-veined, or the chief veins from the base, or |-veined, or 
none; flower parts in 3’s, rarely in 4’s, never in 5’s; wood usually in bundles scat- 
tered thruout the stem; cotyledon 1. 
D. Plants free-floating; body thalloid, without a distinct stem or leaf; roots 
unbranched or none. LEMNACEAE (p. 89) 
DD. Plants not free-floating or if so having leaves; leaves usually present; stem 
present or the leaves tufted at base; roots present, usually branched. 
E. Leaves narrow, linear or grass-like. Group | (p. 5) 
EE. Leaves none, or mere scales, or at least some of them too wide to be linear. 
Group 2 (p. 7) 
CC. DicotTyLEDONs—Herbs or shrubs or trees, never leafless when floating; leaves 
netted-veined, or the chief veins from the base, or |-veined, or none; flower parts 
rarely in 3’s, mostly in 4’s or 5’s; wood usually in a circle or in several concentric 
circles about a central pith; cotyledons 2. KEY TO THE DICOTYLEDONS (p. 7) 
GROUP 1—Monocotyledons with narrow leaves 
A. Plants growing in salt water near the low-tide line, submerged in the sea; leaves 
3—20 dm. long, flat or folded lengthwise. NAIADACEAE (p. 31) 
AA. Plants not growing near the low-tide line of the sea altho sometimes growing along 
seashores; leaves often not as above. 
B. Plants submerged in fresh or saline waters; leaves opposite or whorled, not over 
5 mm. wide. 
C. Leaves toothed at margin, 0.4—2 mm. wide, 8—25 mm. long. 
Naias in NAIADACEAE (p. 31) 
CC. Leaves entire. 
D. Leaves | mm. or less wide, 2—10 cm. long; stipules 2 cm. or less long. 
Zannichellia in NAIADACEAE (p. 31) 
DD. Leaves 2—4 mm. wide, 0.5—1 cm. long; stipules none. 
Philotria in HyDROCHARITACEAE (p. 36) 
BB. Ejtther not water-plants, or else the leaves alternate or all basal or none or rarely 
a few of the upper opposite; leaves often more than 5 mm. wide. 
FE. Plants submerged or partly floating but nothing other than the inflorescence 
rising out’ of the water. 
F. Plant stemless; leaves basal, terete, |—45 mm. in diameter. 
Lilaea in NAIADACEAE (p. 31) 
FF. Plants with evident stem; leaves mostly flat, less than 1.5 mm. in diam- 
eter if terete. 
