
and trip expenses were secured in the field; and other expenditures were 
applied either from a special survey of investment and annual expendi- 
tures of Montana sportsmen [.8_] or from surveys of similar nearby 
areas for which these expenses were obtained in the field. This proce- 
dure was adopted because of the extreme difficulty in obtaining invest- 
ment and annual expenses in the field. 
Except for the special study of Montana sportsmen, the 
studies were made in conjunction with creel censuses or bag checks, 
The daily expenditure figures derived from the field studies represent 
the expenditure for the average hunter or fisherman in the field rather 
than that for the average license holder. Derivations made from the 
special survey [ 8_} were on the basis of the average license holder but 
were modified to that of the average sportsman in the field when used 
to complete the analysis of field studies, 
In certain instances, expenditures were determined sepa- 
rately for nonlocal and rural-resident hunters. Nonlocal hunters 
include those individuals who used a car during the course of their 
hunt, whether from nearby or from some distant point. Rural-resident 
hunters are defined as those individuals who hunted on foot from their 
homes and therefore had no transportation or trip expenditures other 
than for ammunition. 
Some calculations of expenditure per pound of fish or unit 
of game in the original references were based on rounded figuwves, For 
the purpose of this paper, all calculations were remade, using basic 
unrounded figures; therefore, some of the figures vary from those in 
the original reference, 
In computing the average expenditures for warm-water 
and cold-water fishing in table 1, and for the average expenditures for 
pheasant, duck, deer, and elk hunting in table 2, allowance was made 
for the differences in sample sizes of the listed studies, This was 
accomplished by assigning to the figures from each study a weight 
equivalent to the number present in its sample, totaling these weighted 
figures, and dividing the total by the number in the combined samples 
to obtain general averages, 
Analysis was made of the reliability of several aspects of 
some of the earlier studies; namely, Ocean Lake fishermen [2], 
Lake Maloney fishermen [4], Montana sportsmen ! 8], Fort Peck 
fishermen {10}, and Yellowstone Unit hunters [12), These analyses 
indicated a relatively high reliability, Later studies were not tested, 
