
the figures for the individual areas are indicative of the value of a par- 
ticular area. 
Hunter Expenditures 
As in the case of fishermen, the daily expenditure of hunters 
varied considerably (see table 2). Important factors which caused these 
variations include the type of hunting, differences in the type and quan- 
tity of equipment used, method of determining investment expenses, and 
cost of the required hunting license. 
The larger annual expenditure for duck hunters as compared 
to pheasant hunters was due mainly to the requirement for the $2.00 
Duck Stamp. The large annual expenditure for deer hunting in South 
Dakota reflects the requirement for a special $7.50 license [22]. An- 
nual expenditures of elk hunters were relatively high because of the 
$5.00 license fee required for big-game hunting in Montana [23]. 
Variations in annual expenditures for pheasant or duck hunters can be 
attributed, in part, to differences in the cost of the small-game hunting 
license in the various States, and in part, to methods of calculation or 
to inclusion or exclusion of other annual expenses, such as club dues, 
magazine subscriptions, and contributions to conservation causes, , Fees 
attributable to small-game hunting \V/ in the several States in which 
studies were conducted varied from $1.00 in South Dakota (22), $1.37 
in Nebraska [24], $1.50 in Montana [12], and to $2.00 in Wyoming 
[19]. Annual expenses other than license fees were disregarded in the 
South Dakota and Nebraska studies. | 
Investment expenditures varied with the type of game be- 
cause of differences in the equipment used and the number of times the 
equipment was used per year. 
The slightly higher equipment expenditure for duck hunters 
using the Shoshone Unit [19], or for those who were contacted during 
the special survey in Montana [8], as compared to pheasant hunters 
from these same studies, can be attributed to the cost of rubber boots, 
decoys, boats, and other equipment, which is required by duck hunters, 
but which is not needed by pheasant hunters. 
ly One-half of any combination hunting and fishing license fee was 
arbitrarily attributed to small-game hunting and one-half of this amount 
was then arbitrarily attributed to pheasant hunting. 
