
In captivity birds of this species will stand temperatures 
below zero for short periods, providing they are in good condition. 
Captive breeders, penned throughout the winter at the Price State 
game farm in Utah withstood 15 consecutive days in which the temper- 
ature dropped well below zero (a). Wild-trapped redlegs newly arrived 
from Spain in the winter of 1957 survived, though with some losses, 
several days of -20°F. temperature at the. United States Bureau of 
Animal Industry’ s quarantine station at Clifton, New Jersey. 
Sumner Cemperacares in most parts of Satie ‘seldom go above 
100 degrees phen a 0 of 124 has been recorded. 
Predation. 
_ Predators of game birds are common throughout Spain although 
seldom as much in evidence as in the chukar range in the Middle East. 
Little attempt is made at control, but nowhere was the impression 
prevalent that losses from. predation were high. This idea is worth 
recording in-view.of the relatively -high abundance of birds in Spain. 
Time did not permit carrying out any predator-prey studies, 
but the number and variety of winged and of ground predators seen in 
the field was not high. From personal observations and local contacts 
the situation in Spain by comparison with that of potential Spanish 
redleg Tange in the sour cSt cen, United States is as follows: 
hectptbers land: ener iousrt -flying eawieee are se euiat Ty in 
evidence. In Spain there is also the so-called partridge eagle 
(Nisaetus faciatus) which, according. to Mr. Quiros, is very destructive 
to redlegs but is pone re abundant. 
Crounaandeiecs ica: are Maren in evidence and are reported to 
be serious predators on eggs and chicks. 
| The. Spanish equivalent of our great-horned owls are perhaps 
less common, for shooting the "Gran Duc" (Bubo bubo) over a decoy is 
a fairly widespread sport. They are considered important enemies of 
ries redotessed egies re . 
on Foxes, are . probably more. abundant in Spain, particularity in 
the ‘regions suppor ting dares : partridge populations. 
Wolves are aoe common in partridge habitat, ae there is, of 
course, no Spanish counterpart of the ayers. : 
SHakeasare! uncommon intspala. 
(a) Letter from C. Greenhalgh, biologist, Utah Fish and Game Commission. 
wey Lee ¥ mee pata a5 oe 23. i 
. ee et ae oan Syed oe ee 
