ORDERS — i 
APPLE. | 
This genus has epigynous flowers, for the walls 
of the carpels are united with the receptacle, which grows 
enormously and is succulent. The gynecium is thus inferior 
(Plate VI, Fig. 116). : 
For structure of fruit see p. 64 and Figs. 84,. 85. | 
‘Hawthorn differs from the apple in the number of carpels, | 
generally two, and in the hardness of their walls, so that the 
haw cannot so easily be cut across with a knife as the apple. 
Pear is similar in structure to the apple. 
Type III. 
‘General 1. Many are shrubs, or even trees. 
Charac- 2. Leaves alternate, usually stipulate. 
_ teristics. 
3. With the exception of apple and its allied 
ee the fiowers are perigynous. 
4, Many have an epicalyx, formed from appendages of the 
sepals, 
5. The flowers are regular. 
Very wide, but not so extensive as that of 
Leguminose. On the whole, this Order is more 
abundant in temperate than in tropical regions, 
Distribution. 
UMBELLIFER AL. 
Cow Parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium). 
A coarse herb, with stout stem and hollow inter- 
nodes ; simple pinnately divided leaves, of which the sheaths 
are very large. 
Infloreseence : a compound umbel (p. 48, Plate IL. , Fig. 50). 
Flowers: epigynous (Fig. 44) and irregular, the anterior 
petal being larger than the posterior ones:. 
Calyx (sepals) : reduced to a mere rim above the gynecium. 
Corolla (petals) : -5, free, epigynous ; the petals are notched. 
Andrecium (stamens): 5, free, epigynous; the stamens 
alternate with the petals, the anthers dehisce introrsely. 
Gynecium (carpels): 2, joined, inferior; seeds two; the 
styles unite at their base to form a disc—the nectary. 
Fruit : a schizocarp (p. 64, Fig. 87). 
Type. 
