@+! 
Tetram 
Tetram was used by Al-Azawi, Norris, and Casida (1961) in 
experiments designed to find systemic poisons effective against the 
Dutch elm disease vector, Scolytus multistriatus. The chemical was 
found to be very stable and also extremely toxic. Beds of Lumbricus 
terrestris were fed fallen leaves from elm trees that had been implanted 
with tetram, with the result that 42% of the worms died in 5 days; 
60% in 10 days; and 90% in 15 days. Because of the toxicity of tetram 
to forms other than the one intended, the authors did not recommend 
its use, 
Toxaphene 
Hayslip (1948) reported that the use of toxaphene on a golf 
course in Florida was not effective in controlling earthworms. The 
chemical was applied in a solution of 1 1b of 25% wettable powder/100 
gal water (application rate not given). 
Polivka (1953) used toxaphene on golf course plots in April 
at rates of 10, 20, and 30 1lb/A. Earthworm populations had not been 
affected 1 month later. However, the year following (May), all treated 
plots sampled had population means significantly lower than the untreated 
plots. In another series of plots treated with 5, 12.5, and 25 1b/A of 
toxaphene, earthworm population differences were not significant after 
42 months. 
ee Hopkins and Kirk (1957) tested effects of toxaphene on Eisenia 
foetida in laboratory experiments. After 2 months' exposure at 30 1b/A, 
24% of the worms had died, but this was not considered significant. In 
further experiments, up to 1024 1b/A was used without clear results. 
L/ 
Guthion 
Hopkins and Kirk (1957) also tested several organic phosphates 
against Eisenia foetida. They found guthion more toxic than malathion or 
the chlorinated hydrocarbons. In pot experiments, the worms survived 
5 1b/A guthion treatments for 2 months. A 96-hour LD59 of 12.2 1b/6-in A 
was established from results of tests using guthion at rates of 8, 16, 
and 32 1b/A for a 4-day period. 

1/ Reference to trade name does not imply government endorsement of 
the product. 
13 
