3. Considerable to excessive precipitation throughout the year 
except in winter. This is the pattern common to East Pakistan and Assam. 
4. Precipitation mainly in fall, winter or spring. 
a. Winters with considerable precipitation 
b. Winter and spring rainfall 
c. Mainly spring precipitation 
d. Rainfall throughout the year except in summer 
5. Considerable precipitation throughout the year. 
Examples of each pattern are presented in Table l. 
At the stations mentioned in Table 1 relative humidity is generally 
low except for the periods in which there is considerable rainfall. A 
heavy dew is characteristic of most of the arid and semi-arid areas 
throughout much of the year. 
Temperatures within the range of the black francolins are generally 
hot in summer and mild in winter. The highest temperature recorded is 
124°F at Hyderabad, West Pakistan. The lowest in India, is 17°F at Simla, 
though lower temperatures than this have probably been recorded from the 
region southeast of the Caspian Sea in northeastern Iran and adjacent 
parts of Turkomen in southwestern Siberia. Francolins liberated in 1960- 
1961 near Mason Valley in western Nevada survived temperatures down to 
-12°F at night (12). 
Climacurves showing the average maximum and average minimum tempera- 
tures by months in relation to precipitation, constructed from data cov- 
ering 34 stations within the range of the black francolins (23 and 33) 
are presented in figure 16. The upper curve on each diagram represents 
the warmest average maximums recorded, the lower curve, the coldest 
average minimums in relation to various amounts of monthly precipitation. 
All stations are located in areas where black francolins are known to be 
abundant. 
For the northern black francolin 
The climacurves presented in figure 16 cover the entire range of the 
species. The temperature and precipitation levels that characterize the 
range of each subspecies, while falling within the upper and lower Limits 
presented for the species as a whole, may vary considerably, 
Only the northern black francolin (F. f£. asiae) has been widely col- 
lected for trial introduction into the United States (11). This is also 
the subspecies that is being commonly propagated on State game farms for 
release. The source of this stock is the lower Indus valley in West Pakis- 
tan and the plains between Meerut, Agra and Lakhimpur in northern India. 
18 
