
Dyes were injected into the yolk sac and into the subgerminal 
cavity of White Leghorn embryos (Beaudoin, 1961), The effects 
are summarized in Table #3. 
Table 3. (Adapted from Wilson, 1955) 
Effeets of dyes upon chicken embryos as ex- 
pressed in per gent mortality and per cent malformations, 



Total. Treated % Mortality % Malformed 
Subs Sub= Sub= 
germe- yolk gerne yolk germ= yolk 
inal sac inal sac inal sac 
Trypan Blue 101 94 45.5 56.5 7268 56.2 
Evans Blue 78 90 44.8 14.4 51.3 502 
Niagara Blue (4B) 94 93 69.3 29.9 34.5 33.4 
Saline controls 220 141 20.9 12.0 20.1 24 
Untreated = 134 = 11.9 -o- 304 

Trypan blue was the most effective inhibitor at both of the ine 
jection sites. Evans blue and Niagara blue 4B were most effect- 
ive when injected subgerminally. The two most frequent types 
of malformations produced were rumplessness and eye defects such 
as microphthalmia. A difference between the effects produced 
and the site of injection was noted. In general, yolk sac in- 
jections were less traumatic regardless of the material injected, 
as fewer deaths and abnormalities occurred from the injection 
itself. Possibly, as was suggested by Landauer and Bauman (1943), 
injection at other sites induced some sort of mechanical injury 
to the blastoderm. 
Several drugs found useful in cancer research as 
mitotic inhibitors, have been used in studies with chick emn- 
bryos. Among these is T.E.M. (triethylenemelamine) a nitrogen 
mustard derivative. durand (1958) demonstrated that T.E.M. in 
saline solution produced drastic cellular effects on the primitive 
streak stage embryo at very low doses. The mode of action, if 
similar to that of nitrogen mustard, might be chromosomal 
breakage with consequent chromosomal rearrangements, hence ine 
terruption of the mitotic process. 
44 
