
MALLARD (Continued) 
Middle Coverts: 
(a) Any of the following: edged (usually finely) with 
light brown, appear small, narrow to a rounded tip, 
somewhat trapezoidal, edges much frayed ------------- Immature 
(b) All of the following: not edged, may be'washed" 
with dark rufous, appear large, tip a smoothly 
rounded arc, edges smooth --------------------------- Adult 
Age Determination of Females 
Greater Tertial Coverts: (One or more of five most proximal coverts) 
(a) Any of the following: much frayed at tips, faded, 
noticeably narrow, no white edging on two most 
posterior feathers ------------+-+--------0-+--------- Immature 
(b) All of the following: not frayed at,tips, not faded, 
broad, white edging on two most posterior feathers -- 2 
Tertials: 
(a) Any of the following: much frayed at tips, 
much faded ----+-----22 22 nn enn nee en nnn ee eee een Immature 
(b) All of the following: not frayed at tips, 
not faded --------2--~ on - en nn ew en eee ee ane 3 
Primary Coverts: 
(a) Four most distal "conspicuously" light edged on 
their inner webs --------------------------------+--- Immature 
(b) Four most distal "minutely" edged, or not edged 
on their inner webs --------------------------------- 4 
Middle Coverts: 
(a) Any of the following: appear small, narrow to a rounded 
tip, somewhat trapezoidal, edges much frayed --------- Immature 
(b) All of the following: appear large, tips are smoothly 
rounded arcs, edges smooth ---------------~+----------- Adult 
