
GADWALL (continued) 
Immature males can be confused with adult females. However, the 
greater tertial coverts of adult females are broader with more white 
tipping than those of immature males. The posthumerals of adult 
females are wider and much more heavily edged with cream than those of 
immature males. The lesser coverts of adult females never have the fine 
arc and fleck pattern. 
KEY TO GADWALL WINGS 
Tertials: 
(a) 
(b) 
Silver gray, tips are long and acute, no brown 
at ends, unfrayed ----------------------------- 2 
Brownish-gray to brownish, tips are bluntly 
pointed, often with light brownish tips, 
may be frayed ------~-------------+------------- 3 
Middle Coverts: 
(a) All heavily washed with chestnut and/or black, 
coverts do not show light edging -------------- Adult Male 
(b) Many not heavily washed with chestnut or black, 
coverts show conspicuous light edges ---------- Immature Male 
(some) 
Tertials: 
(a) Brownish-gray, tipped with light brown, unfrayed-~-4 
(b) Brownish-gray to brown, light brown tipping may 
be present or absent, may be much frayed ------- Immature 6 — 
Greater Tertial Coverts: 
(a) 
(b) 
Dull brownish and much frayed and faded or part 
black with white wispy tips, often appear 
NALLOW oer e nnn mn ee en een ee renee eee wee Immature 6 
Dull gray or black, not much frayed, usually 
have white tips but not wispy tips, usually 
appear Wide ---+-#---------- enn e ener rer eenn reser 5 
