ORDERS 87 
APPLE: 
This genus has epigynous flowers, for the walls 
of the carpels are united with the receptacle, which grows 
enormously and is succulent. The gynecium is thus inferior 
(Plate VI, Fig. 116). 
For structure of fruit see p. 64 and Figs. 84, 85. 
_ Hawthorn differs from the apple in the number of carpels, 
generally two, and in the hardness of their walls, so that the | 
haw cannot so easily be cut across with a knife as the apple 
Pear is similar in structure to the apple. 
Concha 1. Many are shrubs, or even trees. 
Charac- 2. Leaves alternate, usually stipulate. 
38. Withee exception of apple and its allied 
ae the flowers are perigynous. 
4, Many have an epicalyx, formed from ee of the 
sepals, 
Type III. 
5. The flowers are regular. : 
Very wide, but not so extensive as that of 
Leguminose. On the whole, this Order is more 
abundant in temperate than in tropical regions 
Distribution. 
UMBELLIFER A, 
‘Cow PARSNIP (Heracleum sphondylium). 
A coarse herb, with stout stem and hollow inter- 
nodes ; simple pinnately divided leaves, of which the sheaths 
are very large. 
Inflorescence : a compound umbel (p. 48, Plate IT., Fig. 50). 
Flowers: epigynous (Fig. 44) and irregular, the anterior 
petal being larger than the posterior ones. 
Calyx (sepals) : reduced to a mere rim above the gynecium. 
Corolla (petals) : 5, free, epigynous ; the petals are notched. 
Andrecium (stamens): 5, free, epigynous; the stamens 
alternate with the petals, the anthers dehisce introrsely. 
Gynecium (carpels): 2, joined, inferior; seeds two; the 
styles unite at their base to form a disc—the nectary. 
Fruit ; a schizocarp (p. 64, Fig. 87). 
Type 
