
are abundant in more open woodlands with a ground cover of bracken 
fern, grass and weeds, providing some thick, escape cover is readily 
available. They also like hillsides partially covered with scattered 
patches of trees and brush and are partial to dense thickets along 
steep ravines, especially if some water is available. Old fields and 
the edges of cultivated lands are utilized when adjacent to wooded or 
brushy patches. They do not frequent swampy lands. 
The range of the white-crested kalij overlaps that of the 
red junglefowl in the 1,000 to 5,000 feet elevations where there are 
thick to fairly open scrub ravines, often with mixed deciduous forests 
on slopes and flats, In the Siwaliks Range at the base of the Himalayas 
occur deciduous tree species such as Anogeissus latifolia, Acacia 
catechu, Buchanania latifolia, Bauhinia variegata and sal (Shorea robusta) 
to mention the more prominent types. Dense undergrowth at the lower 
elevations, particularly on hot, dry slopes in limestone areas, includes 
Rhus parviflora, Woodfordia floribunda, Indigofera pulchella, Ziziphus 
jujuba and Rubus sp. 
Moving up the Himalayas to the medium elevations at 3,000 
to 6,000 feet, pine, chiefly Pinus longifolia, is the most prominent 
tree species present. Pine is found on ridges and southern slopes 
overlapping the deciduous forests at lower levels and extending into 
temperate broad-leaved and coniferous forests at higher elevations from 
about 5,000 feet upwards. The pine canopy is fairly open with a scattered 
understory of Quercus, Ficus, Rhododendron, Symplocos, Myrica and other 
broad-leaved trees, mostly evergreen. This type usually is persistently 
burned over, but, where protected from fire and on moist sites both 
pine and broad-leaved species grow more profusely. 
Thick, shrubby undergrowth in pine areas is found growing 
mostly near watercourses and consists of Rhus parviflora, Rubus ellipticus, 
Indigifera pulchella, Glochidion velutinum, P Pteris aquilina, Vi Viburnum 
coriaceum, Leptodermis lanceolata and minor other _ genera. This again, 
is the direct result of frequent fires. In burned-over areas a grass 
cover is usual with the genus Andropogon most prominent. A number of 
bulbous and annual herbs flower in the monsoon season. 
Above the pines, from 5,000 to 9,000 feet, oak forests 
predominate especially in the outer ranges and more commonly on the 
southern slopes. Rainfall, here, is sporadic except during the monsoon, 
and snow seldom lasts long except on the colder, northern slopes. When 
well-developed, the fairly dense canopy is composed largely of Quercus 
incana with some other species of oak and Carpinus. In more moist or 
fertile, situations there occurs an admixture of Celtis, Aesculus, Ulmus, 
Juglans, Morus and other genera with Quercus incana. 
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