12 ELEMENTARY BOTANY 
its name from these trees, the Portuguese sailors likening 
them to old men’s beards. 3 
Roots of | Many plants live on other plants, and obtain 
Parasites. the whole of their food from them ; Dodder and 
Broom-rape are typical instances. Dodder lives on clover, 
hemp, flax; broom-rape on the roots of beech and other trees. 
These all send processes from their roots into the plant on 
which they are ne and thus suck nourishment from them. 
= vem - Mistletoe, eyebright, 
and red rattle get only 
part of their nourish- 
ment from the plant on 
which they live, a good 
deal being obtained 
through their own 
leaves. It may be 
noticed that where the 
eyebright 1s abundant, 
erass 18 scarce, as on 
exposed moors in York- 
shire and Scotland. 
The German name for 
this flower is méilchdieb, 
or. milk - thief, for 
owing to the fact that 
it lives on the roots of 
grasses, pasturage is 
Fic. 15.—Orcutp, SHOWING AERIAL poor in its neighbour- 
Roorts. hood. 
Duration of Llants which have roots that live only for a 
Roots. year are said to be annuals. Such plants as, for 
instance, poppy, spring from the seed, flower the same year, 
and then die. : 
Biennials, on the other hand, are plants which spring from 
the seed, form leaves during the first season, but do not 
flower until the following year. During the first year’s 
growth the plant is storing up nourishment for the second 

