94 FOREST EMPLOYMENT—LABOURERS. 
Be this as it may, Kauri ‘“‘gum’”’ and some firewood and fungus 
are sources of revenue, but they will vary so much from forest to forest 
that in this balance-sheet for the normal Kauri forest it seemed safer 
to merge them with Kauri “gum.’’ 190 tons of fungus were exported 
from New Zealand in 1912. It is easy to imagine how, with cultivated 
forest as in Japan, this production might be very largely increased, 
FOREST EMPLOYMENT AND SETTLEMENT. 
A Kauri forest, on account of the value of its timber and *‘ gum,”’ 
can support an organization as complete as any good forest in Europe. 
I shall therefore here assume for both labour and forest officials a seale 
similar to that in force on the Continent of Europe. 
Baden, Saxony, Wurtemberg, and Bavaria are four south German 
States in New Zealand latitudes and climates. Baden, embracing all 
the western side of the Black Forest mountains, with a heavy rainfall 
and the forest very well developed, offers, as already pointed out, a 
particularly good model of forest-management for New Zealand to copy. 
The permanent employment in these four States, reckoned out at per 
man per year, is as follows :-— 
Forrest EMPLOYMENT. 
Baden, one man fulltime per 74 acres, TREK, ‘Morext Ciena No. 140 
ehtethey - , s c . ? 

Saxony * ae is 
Wurtemberg 7 130 ,, P. ae 
Bavaria h- 130 ,, Various returns, particularly Quart. 
Jour. Forestry for April, 1913. 
Average peg hy 
Prussia, with forests of a poor character in East Prussia, employs in 
forest-work at the average rate of one man per 175 acres. One must 
remember that the State forests of the Kingdom of Prussia represent 
the larger half of the State forests of Germany. French returns, as 
mentioned (Appendix, Part II), have not reached me in New Zealand. 
In a recent review of my book on Australian forestry (Quart. Journ. 
Forestry, Oct., 1917), Sir W. Schlich says, ‘‘ Taking both classes [officials 
and labourers] of employment together, we may safely say that one full- 
ee man will be required for every 100 acres of properly managed 
orest.”’ 
The Coast Erosion Commission of England in 1908 took 100 acres 
as a general average. (Lands Dept., 1908, Forestry Rep.) Considering 
the shorter working-days and other circumstances in New Zealand, I 
take average employment (labour) in a normal forest worked intensively 
at one man per 75 acres. Thence for poor forest or inaccessible forest 
worked extensively all grades downwards to perhaps that afiorded by 
sheep on purely pastoral farms averaging in New Zealand one man per 
3,000 acres. (Part Il, “ Sheep.’’) : 
LAND-SETTLEMENT. (See also p. 113.) 
National forestry stands for permanent occupation of the ground. 
One of the reasons for State forestry on the Continent of Europe is that 
by State action men are retained permanently in the country and on 
the soil. Thus one man per 75 acres is the definite occupation, oF 
land-settlement, offered by forestry in New Zealand wherever there 18 
forest that economically can be worked intensively, And this employ- 
