NATURAL REGENERATION. 121 
Willows, by simply inserting stakes or sticks in the ground. I have seen 
a pole of Mahogany placed across a stream in the Waipoua Forest, 
forming part of a rustic bridge, that had sent up strong shoots from each 
end where it rested on the ground! 
Cuttings.—I understand from a nurseryman who has grown Kauri 
for some years that Kauri cuttings do not strike freely, but cuttings are 
rarely of much account in forest nurseries. Puriri, Mahogany, and 
many of the introduced trees could be propagated on a larger scale from 
cuttings if desired. 
(6.) Pages. 
L’introduction des pores, ov the running of pigs, is a regular measure 
for favouring natural regeneration in French forests. I saw much of 
this during my forest training in France. Pigs turn over the ground 
and fayour the germination of the seed. They ‘‘ wound’’ the ground at 
no cost ta the forester: indeed, frequently in Europe he is paid for the 
right to run pigs. This useful action has been remarked by American 
foresters studying natural regeneration of the Short-leaf Pine (Pinus 
echinuta). Says a recent Forest Service bulletin (1915), “* The hogs con- 
sume practically all of the Qak and Hickory seed, and at the same time 
prepare excellent seed-beds for Short-leaf Pine by uprooting soil and 
humus in the fall of the year.” 
The pig industry should thus be encouraged in all those parts of 
the Kauri forests that are under regeneration, and probably in practice 
almost everywhere. Pig-raising in the Waipoua Forest is already a 
profitable business. I had to do with the slaughtering and eating of a 
forest pig when I was at Waipoua. With precautions the pigs do not 
getoutofhand. Itisa lucrative industry, and might be developed to rival 
the running of sheep on deforested ground. In Portugal, in New Zea- 
land latitudes and climates, the fattening of pigs running in the forest 
is of national importance (vide ‘‘ Australian Forestry,’’ pp. 62; 263). 
One-third of a million pigs are fattened yearly in little Portugal on 
acorns and forest-products. The industry quite compares with sheep- 
raising in open country; but, taken with the forest work, supports much 
more population. Portugal has about the same population as Australia 
on a smaller and much less fertile area than New Zealand. Pig-grazing 
can, of course, be carried to excess; it has to be watched by the foresters 
and stopped if this point is ever reached. 
In New Zealand there are under one-third of a million pigs altogether 
(284.000 in 1917); and the increase has only been 5,869 during the last 
thirty-one years. (A, Macpherson, Farmers’ Advocate, Tth September, 
1918.) They are practically all sty-fed pigs on the English model, though 
I know a few farmers-—notably Messrs. Davison and Deans. of Canter- 
bury—who run their pigs in their Oak plantations. The industry badly 
wants the push which forestry in New Zealand would give it. 
(7.) Spacing. 
When a crop of Kauri seedlings has been produced naturally or 
with the help of the above measures, spacing—viz., transferring them 
aitificially—is not difficult. A planting-spade or a sharp-nosed miner’s 
shovel is employed. I prefer the latter. The long-handled New Zealand 
shovel would do better than either. The young trees are taken out 
with a large clod of earth round the root, transferring them to where 
the forester wants them, at no risk and little expense. Seedling trans- 
ference done in this way does not disturb the roots, so that the trees 
