154 NATIVE FOREST AND PLANTATIONS OF INTRODUCED TREES. 
quick-growing trees will not clean their branches well in a new country 
as (according to Elwes) Spruce in England, and, often, Insignis-pine in 
New Zealand. 
The Himalayan Deodar grows well in England, but its timber has 
little value there; the Laricio-pine timber of southern Europe is not 
the Laricio-pine timber of England; and so on with a host of intro- 
duced trees in Europe. In the best book of New Zealand forestry (Lands 
Department Forestry Report, 1909, p. 113) Mr. Adams, of Greendale, 
Canterbury, says, very truly, ‘‘ Under cultivation some trees will make 
splendid growth which left to themselves in an ordinary plantation will 
be dismal failures; of this I could give many instances.’” Mr. Adams's 
experience is that of tree-planters in every part of the world. Of the 
trees that succeed under cultivation only a fraction are useful as forest- 
trees. 
PLANTED TREES AS NURSES FOR THE NativE TREES. 
The late Mr. Deans, of Homebush, Canterbury, made a series of plan- 
tations which as an arboricultural study are without parallel in New 
Zealand. Some years after his trees had grown up there came quite a 
sprinkling of native-bush trees, apparently from seed brought by birds. 
Here it was the light-demanding, quick-growing imported trees that pro- 
vided the conditions required for the shade-bearing and shelter-loving 
native trees. 
In British East Africa, where the highland forest is but a variant 
of that in South Africa and much resembles the New Zealand ‘‘ bush,’’ 
I made some extensive plantations of exotics in localities where the native 
forest had been destroyed. They were well picked climatically and grew 
well at first. Naturally, their future is doubtful. The Conservator now 
writes to me that their chief use may be as protection for the native 
forest which now in many places is coming up self-sown under the protec- 
tion of the planted trees. It would be interesting to obtain an official 
report from him now on this point. 
In German East Africa the forest is practically the same, and I have 
never heard it even suggested by German foresters that the native forest 
should be cut down and replaced by plantations of exotics. 
It is doubtful if the planting of native trees, beyond ‘‘ standards ”’ 
in the ‘“ bush,’’ could be made to pay. The figures for a Kauri planta- 
tion are given below. Totara might be hardier and grow as fast as 
Kauri, but its timber is not Kauri. Puriri does well in the open, but 
it is doubtful, with New Zealand labour almost the costliest “n the world, 
whether any of the native trees would repay the cost of planting. This 
1s my experience of thirty years in South Africa, where the cost of labour 
(at Cape Town and the south-west) is less than half that of New Zealand. 
No Risk with THE Native Bus. 
The best native timber-trees may grow no faster than the ordinary 
native trees of other countries, but they are sure. They have been 
where they are since geological time, and provided we leave them in 
their environment there is no uncertainty as to their rate of growth or 
the exact value of their timber. It is true that sometimes the native 
forest, apart from felling. perishes with the advent of civilized man. 
Fires are extraordinarily destructive in North America, and in New Zea- 
land some forest organization is required to meet them. Introduced 
insect and fungoid pests in some other countries are serious. Usually, 
