Bibliography of References to Avian Botulism: Update 
by 
Sonoma S. Wilson 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 
Bear River Research Station 
Brigham City, Utah 84302 
and 
Louis N. Locke 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 
National Wildlife Health Laboratory 
Madison, Wisconsin 53711 
This bibliography, first compiled in 1970 (Allen and Wilson 1977) and published in 1977 in response 
to many requests for information on avian botulism, has been updated to include the literature pub- 
lished through 1980. 
In general, only articles dealing primarily with the avian disease are included, as opposed to those 
concerned with the various aspects of the biology of Clostridium botulinum, either type C or E. A few 
exceptions, such as Bengtson’s report of the first isolation and description of the type C organism, are 
included for their historical interest. Progress reports and other administrative documents not available 
for distribution on request are excluded, as are most textbook accounts, which are generally summaries 
of work published elsewhere. 
This bibliography was a cooperative effort by the National Wildlife Health Laboratory, U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. National Park Service. The National Park Service provided partial 
funding for the work through Contract No. 89100-0491. 
Although the authors attempted to list every important reference, they make no claim to complete 
coverage of the published literature. The authors will be grateful to users of the bibliography who call 
attention to errors or omissions. 
Wayne I. Jensen (Retired) 
Milton Friend 
Director, National Wildlife Health Laboratory 
Alcorn, J. R. 1944. Botulism in the Carson Sink, Nevada. 
Condor 46(6):300. 
Allen, J. P., and S. S. Wilson. 1977. A bibliography of ref- 
erences to avian botulism. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. 
Sci. Rep. — Wildl. 204. 6 pp. 
Anonymous. 1931. Botulism and ducks. (Editorial). J. Am. 
Med. Assoc. 96(1):864-865. 
Anonymous. 1934. The Franklin gull tragedy. (Editorial). 
The Winnipeg Free Press, 27 July. 
Anonymous. 1979. Waterfowl killer. 
March:118. 
Austin, O. L., and O. L. Austin, Jr. 1931. Food Poisoning 
in shore birds. Auk 48(2):195-197. 
Bach, R. N. 1943. Botulism. N. D. Outdoors 6(6):6-7. 
Outdoor Life, 
Baljer, G., S. Chorherr, R. Hoffmann, H. Knoppler, and 
H. Wiedemann. 1974. [Type C botulinum toxin as a 
cause of bird mortality in a lake in upper Bavaria. ] 
Tierarztl. Praxis 2 Heft 2:191-197. 
Barton [Batson], H. C. 1941. Western duck sickness. 
Game Breeder and Sportsman Pt. 1, June: 104-105, 109, 
118-119; Pt. 2, July:122-124, 126, 129. 
Batson, H. C. 1940. Western duck sickness (botulism) 
in South Dakota. Pages 6-7 and 11-16 in South Dakota 
Conservation Digest. 
Bell, J. F., G. W. Sciple, and A. A. Hubert. 1956. A 
microenvironment concept of the epizoology of avian 
botulism. J. Wildl. Manage. 19(3):352-357. 
Bengtson, I. A. 1922. Preliminary note on a toxin-pro- 
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