12 
SECONDARY CONSUMERS 
PRIMARY CONSUMERS 
30.0 
40.0 20.0 
Fig. 9. Phenogram of vertebrate species potentially breeding in upland grassland habitats. R value of phenogram = 
12, 14, 19, 22, 28, 54, 98, 233, 245, 
248, 250, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266, 267, 269 


18, 21, 23, 60, 61, 62, 64, 73, 78, 79, 96, 146, 147, 
175, 176, 187, 197, 199, 200, 202, 204, 207, 20B, 268 
116 
102, 103, 117, 216. 217, 219, 219, 220, 222, 224 
12, 227, 228, 232, 233, 294, 235 236, 239, 240, 
241, 242, 243, 244,245, 248, 255, 260, 261, 269 
42, 44, 45, 73, 116, 117, 175, 176, 187, 197, 199, 
10.0 5.0 3.0 200, 202, 204, 207, 208, 247, 254, 272, 273, 274, 275 
0.98. The species 
within the guilds can be identified from Appendix III. Units along abscissa are measures of Euclidean distances. 
SECONDARY CONSUMERS 
PRIMARY CONSUMERS 
30.0 20.0 10.0 

61, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 96, 100, 124, 146, 147, 176, 
199, 201,203, 215, 245, 248, 249, 268, 269, 270, 271 
133, 135, 150, 162, 163, 187, 190, 197, 
204, 206, 207, 208, 209 
12, 98, 230, 260, 261, 265, 266, 267 
116 
102, 103, 105, 117, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 224, 
120 
12, 226, 227, 228, 234, 236, 239, 242, 
243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 255, 261, 269 
68, 69, 70, 71, 117, 124, 135, 176, 181, 187, 
197, 199, 203, 204, 206, 207, 229, 253, 254, 271 
116, 133, 163, 190, 209, 272, 273, 274, 275 
230, 260 
259 
5.0 3.0 
Fig. 10. Phenogram of vertebrate species potentially breeding in upland shrubland habitats. R value of phenogram = 0.98. 
listed in Fig. 8. The cluster analysis routine disaggregated 
the 13 data sets represented by the 13 ellipses into the four 
guilds or groups of wildlife species also indicated in Fig. 12. 
The four groups of wildlife species represent that fraction 
of the phenogram or dendrogram distinguished by a 
bracket in Fig. 11. The four guilds represent groups of 
wildlife species that share the way they utilize the strata 
provided by the ponderosa pine woodland as feeding and 
breeding habitats. 
The actual use of super cells for feeding and breeding 
habitats for all the primary consumers in the ponderosa 
pine forest is represented in Fig. 13. The letters indicating 
the positions occupied by each guild in the matrix of 
Fig. 13 identify the guild in the dendrogram of Fig. 11. 
The wildlife species represented by the guilds depicted in 
Figs. 11 and 13 can be identified from Appendix ITI. Guild 
R, for example, in Figs. 11, 12, and 13 is composed only of 
the mourning dove which breeds in the tree canopy and 
feeds on seeds on the terrestrial surface. Guild S consists of 
eight species (including the Steller’s jay) which breed in 
the tree canopy and forage on the terrestrial surface, in the 
shrub strata, and in the tree canopy. This variability in 
foraging strata is obvious in the large ellipses (large SD,) 
for those species evident in Figs. 8 and 12. Guild T in Figs. 
11, 12, and 13 consists of the ruby-crowned kinglet, eve- 
ning grosbeak, and red crossbill which breed in the tree 
canopy and which forage within the shrub and tree 
canopies. Guild U in Figs. 11, 12, and 13 is composed only 
of the western wood peewee which breeds and forages 
only in the tree canopy. The other 17 groups or guilds of 
