15 
Upland coniferous woods 
Primary consumers only 
Tree 
canopy 
Tree 
bole 
Shrub 
Feeding strata 
Terrestrial 
surface 
Terrestrial 
subsurface 
Terrestrial 
surface 
Terrestrial 
subsurface 
Shrub 

Breeds 
elsewhere 
Tree 
canopy 
Tree 
bole 
Breeding strata 
Fig. 13. The guilds of primary consumers indicated in Fig. 11 occupy various combinations of super cells. The letters identifying a 
guild are also listed on the phenogram in Fig. 11 so both the species forming each guild and the super cells used by each guild can be 
identified. Different symbols are used to simplify the figure. 
however, because the Clark’s nutcracker and the gray jay 
supplement their diets with small mammals and amphib- 
ians from the ground surface and with the contents of bird 
nests found in the tree canopy. 
The wildlife guilds defined by the application of cluster 
analyses possess biological attributes that make the results 
from the model seem attractive. Species comprising wild- 
life guilds should be restricted to individual super cells, or 
similar combinations of super cells, if they are to use envi- 
ronmental resources in a similar manner. The complexity 
of a biological community in terms of the number of guilds 
should increase as the number of super cells increases in 
the habitat. In addition, the close association of wildlife 
guilds with super cells suggests a basis for predicting im- 
pacts on the wildlife community caused by changes in the 
structure (guild blocks) of vegetative communities. This 
last generalization is described here. 
The structure of the species-habitat matrix suggests that 
the number of super cells will increase at a geometric rate 

