PLANT SOCIETIES BASS. 
will be covered with leaves ; there will be an absence of 
shrubs and herbs, except the shade-loving ones, and the 
wood will be open below and free from “undergrowth.” 
When the forest is open above because of the unequal 
erowth of the trees, or because of the destruction of 


P FIG. 305. Edge of broad-leaved forest society in winter. 
= some of the larger trees, light will enter and encourage 
a greater or less development of undergrowth,— young 
trees, shrubs, flowers, grass, etc. Then, too, you ob- 
‘serve in the forests the great numbers of fungi, 
Fe ae ee ee 
