17 
tuting this interesting group. The author’s brother, Dr. C. Tulasne, 
drew the very beautiful figures illustrating the paper. “ Memoire 
sur l’ergot des glumacées”” (Ann. Sci. Nat., 1853). ‘he true life- 
history of ergot is worked out in detail; the minute conidia 
present on the surface of the sclerotium, previously considered as an 
independent fungus called Sphacelia, are shown to be merely the 
conidial or summer fruit of the ergot, the more highly evolved or 
ascigerous condition being produced from the sclerotium after a 
period of rest. Their last and most pretentious work, “Selecta 
Fungorum Carpologia” (1861-1865), in three volumes, folio, is 
illustrated by 61 plates, which, for exquisite beauty and detail and 
accuracy, have never been equalled. ‘hese volumes are entirely 
occupied with a detailed account of the morphology and life-history 
of the various groups of ascigerous fungi. ‘The peculiar structures, 
termed pycnidia, spermogonia, conidia, &c., previously considered as 
independent species, were shown to be mere stages in the develop- 
ment of ascigerous forms. ‘The remarkably interesting genus 
Hypomyces was worked out in great detail, the conidial stage of the 
species being in most cases indicated; such forms having pre- 
viously been considered as independent species belonging to the 
Hyphomycetes. 
Among the numerous brilliant discoveries made by Dr. Anton de 
Bary, each one of which would have placed any other individual in 
the front rank of Mycologists, it is not difficult to indicate the 
particular one which has led to the greatest results, namely, the 
introduction of the method of following the life-history of individuals 
by means of pure cultures. In 1864, De Bary commenced a series 
of beautifully illustrated monographs under the title “ Beitrage zur 
Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze,” which were issued at 
intervals until 1882. In each of these new ground is broken, dealing 
with such subjects as the formation of the sporocarp in ascigerous fungi, 
and more especially with the sexual mode of reproduction in the 
Saprolegniez, Peronosporez, and Perisporiacee. The latter idea 
was elaborated in detail in the destructive parasite called Spherotheca 
Castagnei, and although mercilessly assailed by Brefeld and others, has 
quite recently been corroborated in all essentials by Harper (Ber. 
Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch., 1895). “he discovery of Metoecism or 
Heteroecism in the Uredines swept away at one blow the numberless 
so-called species of Aecidium and Uredo, at the same time clearly 
indicating the method by which these form-genera could be relegated 
with their true affinities. In this country Dr. C. B. Plowright was 
the first to accept and work at the life-history of the Uredines from 
the standpoint of heteroecism, and I well remember the Friesian 
School of Mycologists, at the celebrated Woolhope F orays, expressing 
their deep regret at one of their number daring to depart from the 
beaten track of attempting—usually in vain—to make their spoils 

