110 FLOWERING PLANTS 
Alpine Lady’s Mantle; this last is common in the Scotch 
Highlands, and may easily be distinguished from the common 
Lady’s Mantle by the cut-up leaves and silvery hairs which 
cover the stems and under side of the leaves. This hairiness 
is a characteristic of Xerophytes (p. 10). The leaves of 
Mountain Avens are also white and downy. Silver- -OT ASS 
(Potentilla anserina) is also covered with silky down, for it 
frequents roadsides dnd stony pastures. 
Some of the Rosacew, many of the Potentillas, and Agrimony, 
are characteristic features in meadow vegetation ; whilst some 
tew—namely, Water Avens and Marsh Potentil—are aquatic 
in character. 
THE UMBELLIFERZ. 
The general characteristics of the Umbelliferz have already 
been described (“ Elementary eae pp. 87, 88); it will 
therefore be suffi 
client here to dis- 
cuss the differences 
in a few of the 
more peculiar 
genera. The slight 
differences which 
exist in the genera 
are based chiefly 
ao SS : on the structure 
Fie. 88.— TRANSVERSE SECTION or Frurr or OL the fruit, and 
__ |. UMBELLIFERE. : it 1s often impos- 
c, carpophore ; p, placenta; s, seed; v, vitte. : 
: : sible to identify a 
species without a careful examination of the fruit. 
Structure [he fruit is a schizocarp and consists of 2 meri- 
of Fruit. carps, each being formed from one carpel and 
borne by a thin stalk, which is a continuation of the flower- 
stalk ; this is the carpophore. It will be seen that the wall ot 
each mericarp projects into well-marked ridges ; 5 is the usual 
number. These are called the primary ridges to distinguish 
them from a second set of ridges, occurring in many ge nera 
between the primary, and known-as secondury. Oil canals, or 

