
APPENDIX B = as 
W.S.W. The ground sloped very much, and the soil consisted of 
limestone detritus from the oolite above, which here covers the | 
Upper Lias clays. The dominant species was Beech. The trees 
were young, placed one to two yards apart. ‘There were no 
secondary shrubs. The upper part of the slope was bare, having 
an undergrowth of moss and a few herbaceous plants scattered 
‘about. The lower part was more exposed to the sun, and was 
somewhat grassy. 
_ The undergrowth included about 40 species, the most plonlifal 
being Hawkweeds, Hemp Agrimony, Chickweeds (Cerastium), 
Cress (Lepridium), Speedwells, and the Orchids, Twayblade and 
White Helleborine. 
B. Area, an acre; aspect, S.W. ‘The dominant species was 
Beech, but in this part of the wood the trees were much older, 
and beneath them there was a thick carpet of leaves. _ The general 
appearance was bare, except where Bluebells formed a dense 
outgrowth. In those parts where the beech mould was thick Wood 
Anemones and Lesser Celandines were abundant. 
The undergrowth consisted chiefly of early flowering plants 
(p. 29), and here and there a Bird’s-nest Orchid was found (p. 19). 
On the whole, there were fewer species found in B than in A. 
C. The area selected was along the fringe of the wood. The 
soil was oolitic limestone, the aspect S.W. It was a very steep, 
rough bit of ground with loose rocks. It was impossible to decide — 
- without more exact and lengthy observation on the dominant 
species. The Ash and White Beam-tree seemed to occur in about 
equal numbers. Among secondary shrubs may-be mentioned the 
Hawthorn, Guelder-rose, Raspberry, Blackberry. The undergrowth 
was very luxuriant, including some sixty species. This richness of 
undergrowth would be due to the greater amount of light available 
_at the outskirts of the wood. 
On June 27 further ecological observations were made by the 
same girls as before at Birdlip in a different part of the wood from 
that observed on May 23. 
A larger area, about two and a half acres, was taken, and about 
one and a half hours spent in it. The method pursued was as 
before. 
The dominant species was Mountain Ash, the trees being 
mostly quite young. The secondary species were numerous, 
including Elder, Hawthorn, Dogwood, Hazel, Guelder-rose, Dog- 
rose, Bramble, and along the fringe of the wood Sycamores, 
Maples, a few Firs, and still fewer Larches. 
