On the Physical Geology of the Neighbourhood of Dublin. 159 
obtained those of twenty-five more, with the horn of a second 
reindeer. Thus about 105 individuals of Cervus megaceros be- 
sides those, doubtless many, whose remains have not been 
exhumed, were buried at this Irish Big Bone Lick. The ani- 
mals were nearly all males. Remains of this deer were found 
also in the great accumulation of gravel a little N. of Ennis- 
kerry; these, as might have been anticipated, were much 
decomposed. 
Besides the remains of the two reindeer obtained at Bally- 
betagh, a very fine and perfect skull of this animal, with antlers, 
was found on the verge of Curragh bog, a couple of miles 
N.N.W. of Ashbourne, and 13 miles N.W. from Dublin. It is 
now in the National Museum of Ireland. 
RAIsED BEACH.—This can be seen in various places along the 
neighbouring coast. It is perceptible near Malahide, and on the 
W. side of Ireland’s Eye. It forms the low narrow neck which 
makes a peninsula of the Hill of Howth. The flat ground 
extending along the coast from the mouth of the river Tolka 
to Merrion, and extending inland for some distance along each 
side of the Liffey and to Donnybrook, belongs to this formation. 
The remains of it can be seen at one spot, just S. of the mouth of 
the Shanganagh River, in Kiiliney Bay. It runs inland up the 
valley of the Bray river. It forms the Murrough on the near 
side of the town of Wicklow. 
There is difference of opinion respecting this formation, as 
occurring in this neighbourhood. Some authorities contending 
that the low raised beach of this neighbourhood corresponds with 
that which in §.W. Scotland is at the higher level of 25 feet. 
Others contending that, beside the lower beach of this neighbour- 
hood, there are also traces of a 25-foot beach. 
Submarine Peat—Submarine peat occurs in many places 
around the east of Ireland. It often contains stumps of trees 
standing 77 situ ; in some places turf is cut therefrom at low 
spring tides. It is said that peat has been brought up in Killiney 
Bay on the flukes of anchors. It occurs off the coast of Wicklow 
and Wexford, sometimes under four fathoms of water. If there 
be, as just now referred to, two raised beaches in this neighbour- 
hood, this now-submerged neat grew subaerially of course, after the 
higher and probably before the lower beach was formed. This, if 
