“ 
FOREST AND STREAM. [229 
he hawthorn we have a good reliable material for parti- 
tioning and enclosing large tracts of land, and that all we 
want to know in order to possess these two elements is how 
to plant, train, and cultivate the same so that it may prove 

Woodland, Lawn and Garden. 
: HEDGES AND THEIR USES. 
AMatural History. 
THE SEA LIONS AT THECENTRAL PARK 





No. X.—Tux Enouisu Hawruorn, (crategus ovycanthus.) 
RL aees ¢ 
“Marke the faire blooming of the hawthorn tree, 
Who finely clothed in a robe of white, 
Fills full the wanton eye with May’s delight.” 
W®= pass now to the consideration another plant 
used for hedges, ornamental screens, and pictu- 
resque grouping on the lawn, both for beauty and use. It 
is quite astonishing that so valuable an addition to fallow 
grounds, our excellently well-tilled farms, our fine grass 
lands, our orchards, and even grazing lands, as a good sub- 
stantial hedge, should be so little valued. We are very 
happy to be able in this paper to say a word or two in an- 
Swer to a respected correspondent from Pennsylvania, in 
which he says: ‘‘Our forests are rapidly melting away be- 
fore the axe of the pioneer in search of ahome. Our wil- 
dernesses and dense woods are no longer. They were— 
their glory has departed. The beautiful cooling shades of 
our quiet woodlands yield themselves up to the woodman’s 
axe, and the broad glare of a July sun has forever, we fear, 
put to flight those sylvan retreats. Cannot something be 
done to stay this great desolation?” 
One has only to pause for a moment and look this sad 
effect of a great love of “progiess,” as it is called, fairly 
and squarely in the face to see that our fine forests are rap- 
idly falling before an everyday increasing population, who, 
like our corporations, have no souls, and never stop to 
think that there is a day after to-morrow. What shall be 
done, then, to stop this march of desolation which is ab- 
sorbing our fine forests and laying waste our cherished 
woodlands? Soon all these fine large forest trees—the oak, 
the hickory, the ash, and the lighter woods—the pines and 
walnuts—will be wanting for our floating palaces and our 
ships. Where can we find a substitute for all these? 
Nowhere. Heretofore our fences have been made from 
our forests, but we cannot expect, with any reason, that 
this is always to be the case, and we must, as a natural re- 
sult, look to our numerous fine hedge plants to fill up this 
gap. 
We think that very few have fully estimated the value 
of our common fences. Turn your eyes for a moment to 
the wants of the great West, where we find, at the lowest 
estimate, we want three miles and a quarter of fence to 
each quarter section of land, and this will be found just 
sufficient to enclose and run two partition fences through 
it. In this estimate we leave our lanes and roads, which 
often have to be made before we have, in western phrase, 
a “well fenced farm.” Just here comes in our English and 
American thorn for these partition fences, and that they 
can be well used we have not a single doubt. When the 
subject of ‘‘live” fences was first placed before the farmers 
of this country for their consideration very few had heard 
of such a thing as a live fence, and scarcely one man in 
ten knew the English Buckthorn from other forest shrub- 
bery. In 1840, in conversation with quite an intelligent 
Illinois farmer, on most other subjects, he laughed outright 
at my inquiry as to “live hedge fences.” ‘You can’t do 
nothing nohow, stranger, with these little shoots—a hedge 
fence. Ha, ha! don’t you believe it. Nonsense; I’ve no 
time to give to green apple sprouts; all moonshine.” Ten 
years after this my old friend, who so contemptuously 
turned up his nose at my inquiry, has since learned that 
even he—‘‘an Illinois farmer,” as he boasted—could have 
been, and was, mistaken in his estimate of the hawthorn 
for a hedge on the prairies of his native State. He now 
says: ‘‘One of my grave misconceptions with regard to 
the use and availability and fitness of the buckthorn for 
hedge-enclosing fences has given way to my practical con- 
nection with the same. Ihave used these and the osage 
orange for fencing for ten years, and now (1850) I am sat- 
isfied I can use no better fencing material than I have in 
the osage orange and the English thorn.” 
It is very true that the English hawthorn failed to give 
satisfaction in the days of its first adaptation to the uses of 
the hedge, and while some few successfully cultivated this 
plant others made’a failure. This was not to be found in 
the plant so much as in the man, as future Operations and 
experiments have quite successfully shown. Much of the 
dissatisfaction given to the hawthorn was the result of lack 
of culture of the right kind after the plant had started. 
Many English professional hedgers—experts, as they called 
themselves—made some ‘‘big blunders,” and became dis- 
couraged at what they did not do, notwithstanding what 
they did do was bad enough, and charged it upon the coun- 
try as ‘‘not fit to grow an English thorn.” They attempted 
to give laws and theories upon American gardening about 
the years 1840 to 1850, and great was the ignorance and im- 
pudence possessed by them. Uader the culture of these 
humbugs the hedge soon became a choked up mass of 
weeds, grass, briars, and wild raspberries; literally clogged 
and choked to death with many kinds of noxious weeds. 
Then, after this period of three or four years of neglect, 
just when it needed true scientific nursing and careful cul- 
ture, along comes « burly English “‘gardener and hedger,”’ 
as he calls himself, with a huge pair of shears, and he 
“goes in,” not to prune, but to cut and slash, and if there 
is anything left of the poor neglected hedge he ‘‘finishes it 
up,” and goes on to the next plantation. 
The traveller through the States of Ohio, Indiana, and 
Illinois, and many of our older States, will rejoice in the 
view of many beautiful English hawthorn hedges. This 
exhibition of wealth and beauty shows us the fact that in 
” 
lw 


a success, 
In the first attempts with this plant, in the days of “long, 
long ago,” the seeds were procured from England and 
gO, § 
planted. In later times the plants were, at a very small 
cost, imported and planted, and now these plants can be 
raised here in any quantities, and are ready for the hand of 
the planter at any time, and are of a superior quality. 
In order to have a good buckthorn hedge the ground 
should be prepared in the same manner—by deep trenching 
and mellowing—as for the osage orange. In fact, the treat- 
ment given to the orange will not fail if given to the buck- 
thorn. The plants should not be too closely together; but 
as soon as set I recommend the mulching of the same deeply 
with leaves, straw, or, if I can have it given me, tan bark. 
After the starting of these plants the future trimming is 
the main thing to be carefully carried out. For the first 
three years but little is to be done, but this little is all im- 
portant. 
Culture.—Keep the hedge entirely free from weeds of 
every kind. If possible, as it will be on prairie land, run 
your cultivator as often as once a week each side your 
hedge, and let the boys follow after with a narrow hoe 
and remove every green, thing from the row. Let all the 
shoots grow that push upwards, as you will want them 
next year. When you mulch deeply this treatment will 
prabably bé unnecessary. During the first year let your 
hedge grow untouched, and firmly fix their rootlets in the 
earth. Next year you can with safety apply your pruning 
knife by cutting the hedge row back to within two or three 
inches of the ground, and the next year, or wherever they 
have sent out new shoots, tut them back again to three 
inches of the starting place of these shoots, and always be 
careful to leave from one to three inches of the new wood. 
Some have recommended that the hedge be trimmed the 
first season of planting. My own experience has led me 
to adopt a let alone theory for the first year. By pursuing 
the above you cannot fail in securing a permanent. beau- 
tiful, and strong hawthorn hedge, such as will delight the 
eye in summer and winter, 
In our last paper we spoke of the osage orange in gen- 
eral terms asa good plant for the hedge. We are quite 
well aware that notwithstanding the great value of this 
plant for hedge use, it is comparatively not sufficiently un- 
derstood. We have no doubt, from personal observation 
and information grounded upon conversations with men 
who have used the same for hedges, that it will, if properly 
treated, stand our winters, certainly as far north as Chi- 
cago. We shall devote a special paper to the treatment of 
this plant in the course of this work. 
OLLIPOD Quint. 

—> 
—ORANGE CULTURE IN i'LORIDA.—Trees can be had at 
some wild groves for the getting. At others, ten to twenty- 
five cents each is the price. An ordinary sail-boat will 
carry thirty to seventy-five trees, averaging two inches in di- 
ameter, and around trip of twenty to forty miles can be made 
with a load in three or four days. If judiciously taken up, 
carefully handled, and properly planted, from January 
until March, and the sweet bud put in in May or June, they 
will grow three or four feet the same year, and sometimes 
will bear the next. Nearly all will bear the third year, 
with proper attention, and the fifth will reimburse all ex- 
penses. From the present stand-point, looking through 
the experience of others, and taking success as a guide, 
and error as a warning, a straighter and shorter path, (fast 
becoming a plain, well-beaton highway,) can be taken to 
success. Sweet seedlings, from three to five years old, cost 
twenty-five cents to One dollar each, according to age and 
size. They are hardy, rapid growers, and usually bear the 
seventh year. The effects of budding or grafting is the 
same on them as the sour tree. Field Crops are usually 
made three or four years, widening each year the space 
between the rows and trees. 
The past has presented no difficulty in the way of orange 
culture, which energy and good judgment will not over- 
ceme.—Rural Carolinian. 
_—_—_—___ 
SLEEPING IN ACOLD ROOM. 
See kay 
ALL'S Journal of Hewiis, says that cold bed chambers 
always imperil health and invite diseases. Robust 
persons may safely sleep ina temperature of forty or under, 
but the old, the infant, and the frail should never sleep in 
a room where the atmosphere is much under fifty degrees 
Fahrenheit. 
All know the danger of going direct into the cold from 
avery warm room. Very few rooms, churches, theatres, 
and the like are ever warmer than seventy degrees, If it 
is freezing out of doors it is thirty degrees—the difference 
being forty degrees more. Persons will be chilled by such 
a change in ten minutes, although they may be actively 
walking. 
But to lie still in bed, nothing to promote the circulation, 
and to breathe for hours an atmosphere of forty and even 
fifty degrees, when the lungs are always at ninety-eight, is 
too great a change. Many persons wake up in the morn- 
ing with inflammation of ‘the lungs who went to bed well 
and are surprised that this should be the case. The cause 
may often be found in sleeping in a room the window of 
which has been foolishly hoisted for ventilation, The 
water cure journals of the country have done an incalcula- 
ble injury by the blind and indiscriminate advice of hoist- 
ing the window at night. 
The rule should be everywhere, during the part of the 
year when fires are kept burning, to avoid hoisting outside 
windows. It is safer and better to leave the chamber door 
open, as also the fireplace—then there is a draft up the 
chimney, while the room is not so likely to become cold. 
If there is some fire in the room all night the window may 
ve opened an inch. It is safer to sleep in bad air all night, 
with a temperature over fifty, than ina pure air with the 
temperature under forty, . The bad air may sicken you, but 
cannot kill you; the cold air can and does kill very ‘cften. 


VISITOR to the Central Park happening to be in the 
A neighborhood of the Menagerie about half-past three 
P.M. would naturally be drawn by the crowd to a large tank 
containing the two Sea Lions. It is their dinner hour, and 
if a favorable position to witness the meal can be obtained, 
(for the spectators are early on the ground), it would prove 
extremely interesting. Some time before the approach of 
the keeper, the lions are on the gui vive and manifest their 
impatience by repeated barks. 
When the food, which consists of different varieties of 
fish, such as cod, herring and weak fish, (the cod weighing 
sometimes as much as four and a half pounds), is finally 
brought, they swallow it with a decided gusto dispensing 
with the process of mastication. When the meal is finished 
they show their satisfaction by dashing about in the water 
for two or three hours, after which they remain on the 
platform until the next morning. These Sea Lions, 
Humetopias stellere, were placed on exhibition last April and 
are natives of the Pacjfic Ocean, north of the equator. 
Their color is of a reldish brown, their hair is straight and 
coarse, without any growth of under-fur, the nose, palms, 
soles, and digital flaps naked and black, whiskers cylin- 
drical long and whitish, ears short pointed and curled, eyes 
large, iris black surrounded with a white ring, the fore 
limbs large and triangular, terminating in a thick membran- 
ous flap and situated almost in the centre of the body. The 
hind limbs are broad, the width at the toes nearly equaling 
the length of the foot, toes terminating in strong cartilag- 
inous flaps deeply indented, the three middle ones having 
well developed nails, the outer two provided with horny 
disks or rudimentary nails. The hind feet sre always 
directed forward when the animal is at rest. 
Their mode of locomotion on the ground is by raising 
themselves on their fore limbs and placing the hind limbs 
forward. The larger of the two lions measures about nine 
feet in length and five feet in girth. The length of fore 
flipper is twenty-eight inches; hind flipper, twenty-four 
inches; weight, about nine hundred pounds. Their bark, 
which is very peculiar, can be heard distinctly in the night 
at the distance of nearly a mile. 
Having given this much space to our sea lions, a brief 
description of the genus may not be out of place. The 
color varies from pale yellowish brown to reddish brown, 
and varies much not only according to age but also accord- 
ing to sex. Full grown males measure from twelve to 
fifteen feet in length, and weigh from twelve to fifteen 
hundred pounds. The females seldom attain more than 
one quarter the weight of a male. About the first of April 
they commence to visit the breeding grounds, the old males 
going first and. selecting their places on the island, Shortly 
after the females follow and as soon as a female reaches the 
shore, the nearest male goes down to meet her and escorts 
her to his plot. In a few days after landing the female 
gives birth to one pup, weighing about six pounds. The 
period of gestation is about tweive months. They exist a 
long time without food, remaining during the breeding 
season some two months on the shore without going into the 
water, consuming their own fat, finally leaving at the end 
of the season, greatly emaciated. One lion has remained 
in the menagerie over thirty days without eating, being sick 
at the time it was received. The sea lions that are seen in 
the travelling menageries of this country are mostly pro- 
cured by the fishermen in San Francisco Bay and sold to 
Mr. Woodward, of Woodward Gardens, San Francisco, 
who disposes of them again at the rate of one dollar per 
pound. W. A. Conxum. 
SO... 
—It is almost impossible to rear a young hippotamus, but 
it has lately been discovered that the mother suckles her 
young under the water, and in future it may not prove so 
difficult a task. Out of eleven produced in Amsterdam 
only one lived, and when nine months old it brought a 
thousand pounds to go to America; but the man who 
bought it stopped in London and exhibited it at sixpence 
a head at the Crystal Palace, and while there the Crystal 
Palace caught fire, and the only hippopotamus ever reared 
in Europe was roasted. 
—wqqoege——____ 
—The Parisians have anticipated our own movement in 
the matter, and are now constructing an aquarium in the 
Champs Elysées to rival those of Brighton, Sydenham, and 
Berlin. The aquarium proper is to be supplemented by a 
museum of fishing-utensils, and an antediluvian depart- 
ment where extinct fishes are to be represented artificial] 
with the natural surroundings of the periods in which they 
lived. The scheme will be carried out on a great scale, 
and it is expected that the aquarium will be completed by 
June of next year, —Appletons’ Journal. 
to 
—An English rural sportsman being asked by an old lady 
with rather confused ideas as to horses and dogs, if his do 
was a hunter, said ‘' it was half hunter and half setter: he 
hunted around till he found food, and then set down to 
eat it!” 

——————_____ 
—Two beautitul engravings given with every copy of 
Forest AND StREAM. Sec advertisement. 
—There is good sleighing now pretty much all through 
Canada, and the curling clubs are preparing for this favor- 
ite winter pastime. 
—Persons who may wish to get up a club, for the Forrsr 
AND STREAM, can select any article on our list of prizes. 
There never was such an opportunity to secure a fine rifle 
made by the best makers in the United States. See adver- 
tisement, 
