FOREST AND STREAM. © 












a 
LY JOURNAL, 
DEVOTED TO FIELD AND AQuaTic Sports, PRAcTICAL NATURAL HISTORY, 
Fish CULTURE, THE PROTECTION OF GAME, PRESRVATION OF FORESTS, 
AND THE INCULCATION INMEN AND WOMEN OF A HEALTHY INTER¥ST 
IN OUT-L)9R RECREATION AND STUDY: 
PUBLISHED BY 
Forest and Stream Publishing Company, 
—— Ap ———_— 
103 FULTON STREET, NEW YORK. 


SS 
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NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JAN. 8, 1874. 


To Correspondents. 
eT IREIS 
All communications whatever, whether relating to business or literary 
correspondence, must be addressed to THe ForEST AND STREAM PUB- 
LISHING CoMPANY. Personal letters only, to the Manager. 
All communications intended for publication must be accompanied with 
real name, as a guaranty of good faith. Names will not be published if 
objection be made. No anonymous contributions will be regarded. 
Articles relating to any topic within the scope of this paper are solicited. 
We cannot promise to return rejected manuscripts. 
Ladies are especially invited fo use our columns, which will be pre- 
pared with : .areful reference to their perusal and instruction. 
Secretaries of Clubs and Associations are urged to favor us with brief 
notes of their movements and transactions, as it is the aim of this paper 
become a medium of useful and reliable information between gentle- 
men sportsmen from one end of the country to the other; and they will 
find our columns a desirable medium for advertising announcements. 
The Publishers of Forest AND STREAM aim to merit and secure the 
patronage and countenance of that portion of the community whose re- 
fined intelligence enables them to properly appreciate and enjoy all that 
1s beautiful in Nature. It will pander to no depraved tastes, nor pervert 
the legitimate sports of land and water to those base uses which always 
.end to make them unpopular with the virtuous and good. No advertise- 
ment or business notice of an immoral character will be received on any 
terms; and nothing will be admitted to any department 0 the paper that 
may not be read with propriety in the home circle. 
We cannot be responsible for the dereliction of the mail seryice, if 
money remitted to us is lost. 
Advertisements should be sent in by Saturday of each week, if possible. 
CHARLES HALLOCK, 
Managing Editor. 

INTERNATIONAL POINTER AND SET- 
TER CHALLENGE. 
oF eS 
E are very much encouraged and glad to find that so 
great an interest has been taken all over the covn- 
try in regard to the challenge from England, emanat ng 
from Mr. Price and the Rev. J. Cumming Macdona, to test 
their pointers and setters in the field against any American 
bred dogs. A 
Several gentlemen sportsmen have already written us, 
and many have visited our office, to inquire as to the nature 
and particulars of the English field trial. We shall pub- 
lish the rules and regulations of all field trial clubs as soon 
as they arrive from abroad, so that gentlemen who are 
about to accept this liberal challenge may read carefully 
all the rules‘of the different clubs, and can select the one 
which they may think meets with their idea of field trials. 
There are many interesting points in hunting a dog which 
are somewhat new to our sportsmen, and one of these most 
especially we would call to the attention of all true sports- 
men, not on account of its usefulness, but simply to place 
them on their guard against its utter inutility. The practice 
connected with field trials, in fact, in ordinary shooting, 
which is unfortunately coming into fashion in England, is 
to encourage setters, and even pointers, to drop instead of 
pointing when they find birds, as a dog when ‘‘dropped” is 
supposed to be stauncher than when standing. Any sports- 
man can easily see that this system does away with much 
style and form of action. Moreover, in hunting a dog in 
the thick scrub brush, or over the open prairie, a dog, when 
‘“‘dropped” to birds, would become invisible, and thus do 
away with one of the first pleasures and principles in hunt- 
ing, as where can there be a more graceful sight than to 
see a thoroughbred pointer, with all his magnificent type of 
beauty and ancestral marks arranged in symmetrical form, 
standing staunch and rigid on the scent of game birds! 
This habit of dropping would give the sportsman no end 
of trouble and extra labor of careful walking to find the 
dog, and unless the animal be a thorough field*dog the 
sportsman would be more likely to flush the dog by com- 
ing on him unawares, or getting disgusted at his apparent 
loss, call him off his drop or point. We sincerely hope 
that our American sportsmen will not imitate this new and 
false practice. 
oe 
Tue term for which our prize scheme was announced 
(for the Holidays) expired by limitation on the 1st January. 
Parties who now have clubs partially completed will be 
entitled to prizes whenever their lists are filled, but we 
shall not be bound by any clubs commenced after this 
date. 
THE FISH OF THE GREAT WESTERN 
LAKES. 

URING the past quarter of a century frequent efforts 
have been made by eminent naturalists to ascertain 
the number of varieties of fish that inhabit our great west- 
ern lakes. We presume that the information herewith fur- 
nished is the most definite that has yet been printed upon 
this subject. For it we are indebted to that indefatigable 
student, Mr. James A. Milner, of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, at Washington, who bas collated these facts especially 
for ForEsT AND SrrpAM. He writes:— 
During last season, and two years previous, I collected 
specimens of forty species from Lake Erie, and, counting 
from the records of pretty well authenticated species, there 
are at least sixty that frequent the lake. If we add to these 
the number on record from Detroit River we should have 
nearly seventy species, and from the character of the shoal 
waters in the western end of the lake it is likely that all of 
the last mentioned fishes might be found there by diligent 
search. Of this list of fishes thirty-two are regarded as 
edible. 
The other lakes will fall short of this number, the extent 
of shoal waters in Lake Erie, as well as its southern lati- 
tude, being favorable to the habits of a number of species 
not frequenting the deeper and more northern lakes. It is 
also more prolific in numbers of the commen white fish 
than the others, having stood the draft of heavier fishing 
through a longer term of years with perhaps less diminu- 
tion, indicating that shoaler waters are favorable in afford- 
ing larger supplies of the small molluscs, crustaceans, and 
insect larvee that constitute their food. 
From Lake Michigan, from collections made by Drs. P. 
R. Hoy, of Racine, Wisconsin, and J. A. Lapham, of Mil- 
waukee, with my own, I am able to count about fifty-four 
species. 
Professor Agassiz, in his canoe tour of Lake Superior in 
1848, reported thirty-four species of fishes collected from 
the lake, of which thirty-one will still stand as individual 
species. Out of the actual thirty-one species I was fortu- 
nate enough to collect twenty-five in 1872, and eight addi- 
tional ones, which will afford the number of species, so far 
known, thirty-nine. 
Mr. George Barnston, of Montreal, Canada, formerly 
with the Hudson Bay Company, collected extensively on 
Lake Superior. He recognizes a second species of the sal- 
mon, or Mackinaw trout, found at the north shore, which 
the Indians called the Mucgua, or bear trout. Some angler, 
voyaging to the Nepigon River, or to Prince Arthur’s Land- 
ing, would add to the interest of the lake fauna by pre- 
serving specimens of this fish, either in alcohol or in the 
dried skin, and forwarding it to the National Museum at 

Washington. 
<p 
NAPOLEON THE GREAT AS A SPORTS- 
MAN. 
—— 
HE first emperor was no sportsman. What cared he 
for a partridge, a hare, or a stag when revolving in 
his mind the bringing down of a king or the bagging of a 
nation! If he did hunt at all it was rather with some vague 
idea of keeping up the pomp and equipage of the former 
rulers of France, and not because he loved the sport of 
field and flood. The woody glades of Fontainbleau, of St. 
Cloud, of Marly, and all the imperial preserves, had no 
charms for him. Though fond of arms, a musket gave 
him more pleasure than a fowling piece. 
Sometimes at Fontainbleau a grand J/evée was held, when 
the lesser potentates came to do him homage, and it would 
happen that a hunt would be organized; but there would 
be none of the true spirit of the chase about it, such as 
Henry the Fourth, or Louis the Thirteenth, would have 
gloried in. Oftentimes it would happen, when Napoleon 
was following the hounds, that seeing some one of his min- 
isters or marshals enjoying the sport he would gall him 
aside and they would sit down in some quiet spot and there 
the monarch of the destinies of the world would develop 
some secret plan of policy, or of a campaign, and dogs and 
deer and moving hunt and sound of horn would be entirely 
forgotten. 
M. Orain, who has recorded most gracefully in our Pari- 
sian contemporary the hunting tendencies of all the French 
rulers, states that the first emperor was mot only awkward 
with his gun, but was a miserable shot. In this respect the 
nephew differed from his illustrious uncle, for Louis Na- 
poleon was not only thorough as to the theory of arms, but 
was an adept in their use. During quite a long period of 
his life, the late French Emperor was a crack pisvol shot, 
an intelligent fencer, and a quick and handy marksman 
with his gun. 
How true the facts are as to Napoleon Bonaparte’s clum- 
siness with his gun are not absolutely vouched for, for 
great rulers never do make mistakes; but it is asserted that 
his Marshal Massena lost an eye in consequence of the em- 
peror’s awkwardness with his fowling piece, and that he 
shattered, on another occasion, the thigh of one of his 
huntsmen, hitting him with a rifle ball instead of the deer. 
Hunting then, in imperial times, during the consulate 
and the first empire, did not amount to much. It was men 
who served, unfortuately, as game. How to bring within 
his toils, to encompass and overthrow his foes, was what 
most occupied the attention of this greaf chieftain. Na- 
poleon the Great cared little for the stags, wolves, or wild 
boars of France. Perhaps had he been more of a hunts- 
man Bonaparte might have been a kindlier man. 
ARCTIC EXPLORATIONS. 

HE English Arctic expeditions a short notice of 
which appeared in one of our former issues, seems now 
to be taking shape and definite proportions. From the last 
accounts received, itappears that Mr. Gladstone was giving 
the matter his most serious attention. Of course no small 
amount of responsibility reposes on the Minister, but aided 
as Mr. Gladstone must be by the best practical and theo- 
retical authorities, there is no reason to doubt but that the 
forthcoming expedition, as far as to choice of commanders 
and thorough arrangement of ships and stores, will be very 
nearly perfect. 
It is not now mere scientific research, important though 
it may be, which seeks to solve the mysteries of the North 
Polar seas, but to-day commerce urges its claims. Certain 
maufacturing interests in England of the greatest impor- 
tance seem threatened with extinction from the want of 
those cheap fish oils only to be procured from the creatures 
of the extreme north, and the Dundee Chamber of Com- 
merce has united with the Royal Geographical Society in 
urging on the English Government the necessity of further 
explorations. . 
As Americans we may well be proud of our achievements 
in search of that undiscovered land which lies amid the ice 
and snow, and the names of Elisha Kent Kane and of 
Charles Francis Hall will be associated with that of John 
Franklin. : 
Furthest possible is it from our ideas that there has been 
the least failure in the attempts of these brave martyrs to 
reach their goal. Every exploration has given, if not fresh 
information as tothe frozen land, at least a better insight 
as to the methods to be employed in order to penetrate 
deeper into those realms which nature itself seems to hide 
with the utmost secrecy. It seems to us that the exertions 
of so many men through so many years devoted to this ex- 
ploration, must at last be crowned with success. In His 
Divine Wisdom He cannot have willed that so much cour- 
age, bravery and devotion should stand in His eyes as 
nought. Who can tell of the voyages, fruitless ones, end- 
ing in total death or destruction, which urged the Norseman 
to sail due west from his rocky fiords, a thousand years ago, 
into the unknown seas, before he struck the West and was 
the precursor of Columbus? 
Of routes to this Arctic Ultima Thule there may be many. 
The warmer northern sea, which undoubtedly exists, may 
have to be reached by uniting land and water explorations. 
It seems, too, that though physical endurance may be 
tested and strained to the utmost, there is a power of hu- 
man resistance which triumphs over all the rigors and se- 
verity of climate. Though the comparison may not be 
similar in all respects between an expedition to the Pole 
and one to the source of the Niger, it is by no means far 
out of the way to state that notwithstanding the most 
dreadful elements of human destruction, such as those aris- 
ing from cold, from starvation, from being crushed by the 
ice, the chances of preservation of life are even greater at 
the Pole than in meridianal Africa. It does not seem that 
the low temperature kills the man as quickly as those ener- 
vating, poisonous exhalations arising from the pestilential - 
fever countries. Men in these Hyperborian regions battle 
successfully, almost miraculously, with the effects of cli- 
mate. The great soul, the courage, which nerves man on, 
rises superior to physical sufferings in this extreme North. 
True, in some cases, a man dies on his return, as did the 
brave Dr. Kane, but it was only when his work was accom- 
plished. 
We have seen how wonderful was the return of the Hall 
party, all save their gallant leader, and quite lately there 
has come to us the story of the experiences of some men 
who were frozen up in this extreme north, which narrative 
is quite interesting, and will undoubtedly add another in- 
structive lessson to the method of how to prosecute north- 
ern explorations. 
In September, 1872, the whaler ‘‘Freya” was ice-bound 
on the northern coast of that coldest island of the world, 
Nova Zembla. With a crew of eleven, these men found that 
that there was barely food enough for half of them during 
their probable period of captivity, which would extend 
over atime of fully two hundred and seventy days. To 
remain on the ship was for allof them to die of starvation 
or disease. Seven men Getermined to leave their ship and 
to strike boldly to the southward towards the Waigatz 
Island, barely hoping to meet some of the natives, Samoy- 
edes, on their way. With scant provisions, leaving all 
they could spare, much the larger proportion, with their 
comrades who had chosen to stick by the ship, these seven 
brave men, with a couple of guns, a compass, and a teles- 
cope started on their perilous voyage. The huntsmen of 
the party occasionally killed game, but hardly sufficient 
for keeping them from perishing of starvation. Terrible 
snow storms did they buffet, and many an ice glacier did 
they scale. In one terrific gale their stay, their only prop, 
the men who bore the guns, were separated from them, 
but at last, all of them struggling along reached a Samoy- 
ede village, and in the Spring were safe in their haven of 
refuge, the Waigatz Islands. 
Here is a sad story of Arctic adventure which is exactly 
the opposite. With commendable forethought the Nor- 
wegian government have had built at certain points of 
their extreme northern coasts, as places of refuge for ship- 
wrecked or ice bound mariners, solid houses. In a series 
of articles published in the ForEsr anp STREAM, entitled 
‘‘Anticosti,” our readers may have seen that the Canadian 
Government have constructed certain houses of refuge for 
the same purpose on the Island of Anticosti. At Mitter- 
hunk, one of the jutting points of Cape Thordsen, the Nor- 
“ 
