S» may be either leased or owned, 
Duck Clubs & Preserves, Map K shows locations of the more important duck 
Clubs, preserves, and toll farms, Probably the map is not consistent in the 
fs definition of "importance", This is because it was impossible to visit 
each ground Separately, or even a fraction of then. There is a very great 
number of licensed "clubs," the official state list numbering about 400, in- 
cluding forms 1,2,3, without differentiating them, Practically all of the 
available ground and water, other than navigable streams and state lakes, is 
privately held, and the shores of these are largely held by clubs or other 
forms of private control. This is true even of the islands and sandbars 
and the points of the Mississippi River. 
The list accompanying Map K shows something of club practices and 
tenure, 
Private Refuges. I was able to learn of only 6 clubs which had set aside a 
definite part of their holdings as a refuge. One club (Crystal Lake, Hen- 
derson County) abandoned the refuge idea after trying it out very success-~ 
fully. Not every club has the physical layout suitable for use of refuges, 
but even after making due allowance for this fact, the existence a@ 6 refuges: 
on 400 private holdings indicates an exceedingly slow spread of the refuge 
idea, which in turn is an excellent indicator of the spread of other ideas nan 
intelligent game management, It may possibly have to be set down as a fact 
that clubs do not act on the refuge idea until they have to, either through 
coercion or shortage of game, 
@ Some commercial preserves maintain refuges, 
There is one successful private refuge on the Elsa Farm near Alton, 
SQW e 

