252 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY REPORT. 
and the danger of neglecting to afford suitable protection to the 
trees, the San José scale is gradually losing many of the terrors 
which it formerly inspired; and annual spraying of peaches, plums, 
pears and apple trees of moderate size for this pest is now an 
established practice in the yearly routine work of the farm. In 
general, our fruit growers, by the faithful observance of the details 
required for the preparation and application of known remedies, 
experience now no especial difficulty in controlling the scale on 
small trees. The remaining phase of the scale problem that is 
not yet satisfactorily solved from the average fruit grower’s stand- 
point is that of affording efficient protection to old apple orchards; 
but experience, derived from our own experiments and observations 
of the efforts of commercial fruit growers, demonstrates with in- 
creasing emphasis each year that the control of the scale is practi- 
cable, and that with careful management, efficient protection can 
be afforded for about thirty to fifty cents a tree, which is a relatively 
nominal expense, compared with the productiveness of a well man- 
aged orchard. 3 
Sulphur washes as combined insecticides and fungicides— In 
the first experiments with these sprays, conducted in 1902, there 
were indications that the sulphur washes were effective against. 
other pests of the orchard than the San José scale, especially as a 
fungicide for the peach leaf curl and the apple scab. In 1904 the 
combined properties of the wash was the subject of considerable 
inquiry,'® which showed conclusively the value of this treatment 
for the prevention of the scab on apple trees. As compared with 
the checks there was a difference of 22 per ct. less scabby fruit 
for the trees sprayed with the sulphur washes. These results in- 
dicated that in orchards sprayed with the lime sulphur wash for 
the San José scale, this treatment would take the place of the first 
application of the bordeaux mixture which is usually made for 
the prevention of apple scab. This substitution avoids the necessity 
of one extra spraying and has simplified the methods of orchard 
treatment, which the scale, upon its introduction, necessitated. 
Fall use of sulphur sprays.— With the complete infestation of 
large orchards much trouble is usually experienced by fruit growers 
in spraying all of the trees satisfactorily during the dormant season 
in the spring. In the past, this: work has usually been done at this 
season, but the area now to be sprayed by individual orchardists © 
** Bul. 262; same in Rpt. 24:207-324 (1905). 
