16 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
among the living parts of animals; even the proper 
contractile fibre of the muscles; the radiating fibre of the 
caudate nerve-cells and the outer coat of those cells, 
besides the nerve-fibres in general; the hard parts of 
epithelial cells, and all liquid secretions; the cilia; the 
tissue of cuticle, hair, nails, horn, and all analogous parts 
in plants; the granules and microsomata in the proto- 
plasm of plant-cells ; all colouring matters; all pabulum, 
including the fluid parts of the blood, lymph and chyle, 
and corresponding matters in plants such as cell-sap; 
lastly, in general to all structure with any degree of 
rigidity, all gases, all liquids, all substances capable of 
solution, all crystalloids, all simple elements, and all 
binary and ternary chemical compounds. 
ON THE CHEMICAL STATE OF PROTOPLASM. 
According to Dr. Beale, when the life of a mass of 
bioplasm is suddenly cut short, four classes of bodies 
cognisable by chemical tests are found, viz.:—(1) fibrin, 
which separates spontaneously soon after death; (2) 
various proteid or albuminous substances; (8) fatty 
matters, and (4) salts. These do not exist as such in the 
living matter or bioplasm, but as the latter dies it splits 
up into these four classes of compounds. No method as 
yet exists enabling us to prove that protein or albumen, 
or any of the proximate principles, exist in the living 
matter as such. If we attempt to analyse living matter 
frame-work or network is opposed by the more recent observers Berthold and 
Schwartz, who maintain that the appearances described by Fromman, Schmitz, 
Strasburger and others were really post mortem and depended on coagulation 
produced by reagents. Schwarz (Cohn’s Beitriige, 1887, p. 186) concludes that 
no preformed network or frame-work exists in the cytoplasma, although a 
portion of the same may form itself into threads and bands and be reabsorbed 
into the mass as was previously stated by Hanstein. 

